Whilst France was under German occupation during World War II, the screening of American movies was illegal. When the war was over, French cinemas were flooded with a backlog of films by directors such as Alfred Hitchcock, John Ford and Orson Welles, and they were consumed eagerly by several young and passionate Frenchmen. The manner in which they saw films — i.e. not as a periodic release followed by another one, but as essentially an Archive Binge — made them look at these films with a keener eye for detail. In 1951, the film journal Les Cahiers du Cinéma was established. The authors of this journal — including François Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Jacques Rivette, Claude Chabrol and Éric Rohmer — would watch each of the films by one of the aforementioned directors, and identify common themes and stylistic choices within their opuses (for example, the recurring theme of an innocent man on the run in Hitchcock's films). Based on this, Truffaut published the article "Une certaine tendance du cinéma français" ("A certain tendency in French cinema") in Cahiers in 1954; in which he argued that, although films are generally made by huge teams of people (producers, screenwriters, cameramen, costumers, ETC...), the influence of the director generally overshadows that of everyone else. In other words, the director of a film can be considered its auteur (Author). Thus was born The Auteur Theory, which Truffaut and the others called "politique des auteurs."
In addition to this, these critics writing in Cahiers tended not to look too fondly on the movies the French had been making since the end of the war - feeling that they were predictable and formulaic while also criticizing how many of them were just prestigious literary adaptations. The magazine's writers referred to them as cinéma de papa (Dad's cinema) favoring directors who were outside the system like Jacques Tati, Jean-Pierre Melville, Robert Bresson, Jean Cocteau, Max Ophuls and above all, Jean Renoir, who they called "le Patron"(the Boss). They also championed the likes of Luis Buñuel, Roberto Rossellini and devoted attention to Japanese Cinema via directors like Kenji Mizoguchi.
These critics wanted movies that played with narrative conventions and defied audience expectations. Thus, they decided to try their own hands at directing, and thus, the French New Wave began. In 1958, Chabrol made what is debatably the first film of the movement; Le Beau Serge. That one was a bit of sleeper, however. It was with Truffaut's The 400 Blows (1959), Alain Resnais' Hiroshima Mon Amour (1959) and Godard's Breathless (1960), each of them a critical smash, that the movement really took off. Common techniques and themes of French New Wave movies include shaky hand-held cameras, long shots, rambling philosophical narration, references to other movies, jump cuts and other revolutionary editing techniques, existentialism, improvised dialogue, and breaking the Fourth Wall. They usually wanted you to be aware at all times that you were watching a movie and to think about it while it was still running. Initially they were practically no-budget indies, but the movies ended up being a hit with The '60s generation in France and the budgets started to go way up. The movement also took a great deal of advantage in the emerging technical equipment that was available at the time, they started using documentary techniques in live-action films, the portable Nagra recorder which made it possible to record sound directly on location ("direct sound") as well as the portable Eclair camera (first used by their hero Orson Welles in Touch of Evil) that helped a great deal in their experimental method of film-making. The movement died around the end of the Sixties at which point the original new wave moved on to different styles but they remained the dominating influence in artistic circles in France and Europe and continue to be touchstones to the present day.
To say that they were influential is an understatement. Within a few years, other countries started to take notice - first came the UK (A Hard Day's Night owes a lot to the French New Wave) and then it began to leak over to America, resulting in the New Hollywood era. Directors as diverse as Martin Scorsese, Francis Ford Coppola, Terrence Malick, Quentin Tarantino, and Wes Anderson, are incredibly indebted to the New Wave. Just as importantly, they changed how people look at movies — they shifted the focus of movie criticism from production values and acting to direction and thematic depth. Several of the movies from the movement often show up on lists of the greatest movies of all time and many of them are available on The Criterion Collection.
Key Films
- Elevator to the Gallows
- The Adventures of Antoine Doinel
- The 400 Blows — considered as the flagship film of the movement
- Antoine and Colette
- Bed and Board
- Stolen Kisses
- Alphaville — Also seen as one of the Ur-Examples of Cyberpunk.
- Bob Le Flambeur — 1955, but hits all the notes of the French New Wave.
- Les Bonnes Femmes
- Breathless
- Cleo From 5 to 7
- Contempt
- Les Cousins
- Le Doulos
- Hiroshima Mon Amour
- Jules and Jim
- Last Year at Marienbad
- Lola (Jacques Demy)
- Vivre sa vie
Key Directors
- Claude Chabrol
- Jacques Demy
- Jean-Luc Godard: Something of the "face" of the New Wave on almost equal footing with Truffaut. Also its last surviving director, he passed away in 2022.
- Louis Malle: For L'ascenseur pour l'echafaud even though later he was not considered as one of the group.
- Alain Resnais
- Jacques Rivette
- Éric Rohmer
- François Truffaut
- Agnès Varda: She together with Jacques Demy are sometimes considered the members of the Left Bank movement which was an esoteric version of the Nouvelle Vague.
Key Performers
- Stéphane Audran
- Brigitte Bardot
- Jean-Paul Belmondo
- Claude Jade
- Anna Karina
- Jean-Pierre Léaud
- Michael Lonsdale
- Jeanne Moreau
- Marie-France Pisier
- Jean Seberg
Others
- Michel Legrand (composer)
Tropes Associated with the New Wave:
- Deconstruction : Their movies deconstruct cinema, narrative, the separation between a actor and a character and the role of the audience as passive watchers of a movie and much of traditional storytelling.
- Downer Ending : Not big believers in the Happy Ending or endings on the whole. Gainax Ending was a common occurence.
- Le Film Artistique: Most people have this movement in mind when they think of this trope. They certainly did codify it with experimental editing, cinematography, fourth-wall breaking monologues, and so on. However, it must be noted that the movement sought to mix high art with low art, and a number of the movies made by the New Wave were literary adaptations of American pulp fiction (David Goodis' books was adapted as Shoot the Piano Player and Band of Outsiders) and they also made science-fiction films (Fahrenheit 451, Alphaville).
- Follow the Leader: The directors of the new wave pioneered all kinds of production and editing techniques like the Jump Cut which went on to inspire the New Hollywood and much of the film-school graduated professionals who worked in advertising and music videos.
- Foreign Culture Fetish: Hollywood and American culture (authors like Dashiell Hammett and William Faulkner, George Gershwin and Bob Fosse) were constantly identified as touchstones though the New Wave radically broke away from the classical style of film-making.
- Genre-Busting : The French New Wave believed and practiced this, their films combing styles and themes and motifs from different genres.
- Homage : A frequent claim for their film's many references.
- Last of His Kind: With the death of Jacques Rivette in January 2016 and Agnès Varda in March 2019, Jean-Luc Godard became the last surviving member of the original New Wave, himself passing in September 2022. To honour them and the movement while there was still time, both became recipients of the Lifetime Academy Award, with Varda the first female director to receive it.
- Let's See YOU Do Better!: They were pioneering film critics — one of the first to use tape recordersnote to interview film-makers and produce long-form detailed profiles that had never been done before, in addition to extensive research and cross-referencing by tracking names across movie credits. And they became pioneering film-makers.
- Serious Business : As critics and as directors, they took film-making in all its aspects very seriously. Eric Rohmer stated that audiences who didn't like Howard Hawks didn't understand cinema and Jean-Luc Godard became famous for his many comments on a similar note.
- "Shaggy Dog" Story / Shoot the Shaggy Dog : Their movies tend to have very thin plot and the story keeps subverting any narrative resolution. Jacques Rivette's Paris Belongs To Us is a conspiracy movie without a conspiracy, the atmosphere generally stemming from the Cold War Post-Historical Trauma.
- Shadow Archetype : To The British Invasion as well as artists like Bob Dylan. They achieved in movies what The Beatles, The Rolling Stones and Dylan did in their music in the same time. Their works were widely seen and greatly influenced the same set. Marianne Faithfull made a cameo in a Godard film and Godard made a film documenting the recording of Sympathy for the Devil with the Stones.
- Shout-Out : To the whole of film history, literature, art, history, architecture and contemporary advertising.
- Small Reference Pools : French cinema tends to avert this, but the New Wave were even bigger aversions. The films of Jean-Luc Godard in particular engaging with everything from philosophy to science, fashion to contemporary advertising, to movies from every era, to Modernist architecture, fiction, painting and music.
- Start My Own: The movement was created by some film critics who thought they could make better movies on their own.
- Three Chords and the Truth: The New Wave were believers and practitioners in the cinematic equivalent. At a time when Hollywood were making the Epic Movie, expensive, big-budget blockbusters, they argued for smaller, intimate films about everyday life and problems, using real locations instead of giant sets, natural lighting instead of studio lighting (which the new cameras and improved film stock made possible) and direct sound instead of studio-produced soundtrack. It should be noted that this wasn't a total dogma for them and the New Wave would move away from them, but generally their credo is embodied by Godard:
Jean-Luc Godard: All you need to make a film is a girl and a gun.
- Viewers Are Geniuses : Major believers in this. Their narratives did not wrap everything neatly, and many of them expected their films be seen twice to get the meaning and emotional force from their films.
