History VideoGame / WarioLand

* ''VideoGame/WarioLandSuperMarioLand3'' (UsefulNotes/GameBoy, 1994)
* ''VideoGame/VirtualBoyWarioLand'' (UsefulNotes/VirtualBoy, 1995)

* ''VideoGame/WarioLand4''[[note]]''Wario Land Advance'' in Japan[[/note]] (UsefulNotes/GameBoyAdvance, 2001)
* ''VideoGame/WarioLandShakeIt''[[note]]''Wario Land: The Shake Dimension'' in PAL regions[[/note]] (UsefulNotes/{{Wii}}, 2008)

** Arewo Shitain-hakase from the UsefulNotes/GameBoy game ''VideoGame/ForTheFrogTheBellTolls'' is a recurring character in ''Wario Land 3'' and ''4''.

* {{Catchphrase}}: "HURRY UP!" It was even made into an emblem on the back of his biker jacket in Brawl.

* BeeAfraid: The bees in ''VideoGame/WarioLand2'', ''VideoGame/WarioLand3'', and ''VideoGame/WarioLand4'' are very aggressive, attacking Wario the moment he gets underneath them. Getting stung turns him into Puffy Wario, whereupon he floats upwards until he hits something solid and deflates.

* WorldOfChaos: This is by far not a series that makes a whole deal of sense. Basically take the HollywoodAtlas, the ''Super Mario Bros.'' stuff and various randomness that makes it nearly a WidgetSeries in some respects, throw it into a blender, and you've got what's in some of the ''Wario Land'' games.
* WouldHitAGirl:
** Wario vs. Captain Syrup in the first two games.
** And the Golden Diva in ''4''.

** [[VillainProtagonist Wario]] ''himself'' in the first game. C'mon, he's pillaging a whole island! [[AcceptableTargets ...Of pirates]], but even so!

** The FinalBoss of ''4''. [[spoiler:When the Diva's face is crying and throws spiked hammers, you must wait for the hammer to retract its spikes, pick it up, throw it in the air and ''hit yourself in the head with it''. Only then is Wario in a state where he can damage her.]] If you figured out on the first try that this is what you had to do, without doing it by accident, [[GuideDangIt you're lying]].

[[quoteright:300:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/wario_land_current_logo.png]]

* EverythingsBetterWithPenguins: The boss of Sherbet Land is a spiked hat and boxing gloves wearing penguin. There are also basic enemies called Pengoons in ''Shake It!'', and the Penkoons from the original resemble a cross between a {{tanuki}} and a penguin ("[[MixAndMatchCritters part penguin and part racoon]]" in the English manual).

* BalefulPolymorph: [[spoiler:In ''3'' and ''4''. In ''3'', the entire population of the Music Box world was turned into the monsters Wario beats up throughout the game by the BigBad. In ''4'', Princess Shokora was transformed into the Black Cat by the Golden Diva after she lost in a magic duel. In both cases, the transformations happen before the events of the games, and are undone when Wario kicks the {{Big Bad}}s' asses.]]

* {{Acrofatic}}: Wario is a far faster and more agile character than you'd expect from someone so overweight, being able to swing extremely high from bars and vines, jump rather high in normal and some other forms, and when shot from a machine in ''Shake It!'', run fast enough to glide across water. Although in ''Wario Land II'', ''3'', and ''4'', one enemy's StatusBuff is to make you [[UpToEleven even fatter]] so you can break certain blocks by jumping on them.

* DenserAndWackier: Even ''[[UpToEleven more]]'' bizarre and twisted than the ''Franchise/SuperMarioBros'' games.

** The aforementioned Wanderin' Gooms take this trope UpToEleven; they cannot harm Wario in any way whatsoever. They don't inflict any damage, and upon collision ''they'll'' be knocked back, so they can't send Wario into a pit either!

** Rollanratl, probably the literal embodiment of this trope [[UpToEleven taken to the extreme]]. He fights while holding up the roof of his temple, and you can guess what happens when he loses.

* AntiVillain: Captain Syrup.

** The Golden Diva in ''Wario Land 4''.

** Bad Manor and Boogie Mansion from ''Shake It!''.

%%* BullfightBoss

** Found in Boogie Mansion in ''Shake It!''.
** Also the arena for Chortlebot Challenge in ''Shake It!''.

* EvilChef: Large Fry from ''Shake It!''.

** The Shake King to Wario (Well, evil''er'').

* HereThereBeDragons: The Shake Dimension's map. For bonus points, it's an [[YeOldeButcheredeEnglishe olde worlde]] map showing a train, circus, a Las Vegas type city, and the Shake King's pirate ship as hand drawn images.

* HighSpeedBattle: Hot Roderick Race from ''Shake It!''.

* ManEatingPlant: Cractus from ''Wario Land 4'' and Bloomsday/Scumflower from ''Shake It!'' And a few plants in the levels of the latter game.
* ManOnFire: Required to solve puzzles throughout ''Wario Land II'', ''3'', ''4'', and ''Shake It!''.

* MookMaker: Hoggus in ''Wario Land 4'' and some of the bosses in ''Shake It!''.

* {{Nerf}}: Wario himself. ''Wario Land 3'' turns a number of his abilities (which occurred to him naturally in ''II'') into [[AmplifierArtifact power-up treasures]] that he must earn. The Lead Overalls give him back his [[GroundPound Smash Attack]], the Double-Finned Flippers give Wario [[YouHaveResearchedBreathing the ability to swim]], the Red Gloves allow him to [[FastballSpecial pick up and throw enemies]], and the Jumping Boots allow him [[InASingleBound that extra smidgeon of height]]. Other power-ups further enhance these abilities.

* OddlyNamedSequel2ElectricBoogaloo: ''VB Wario Land'' and ''Shake It!'' are the only installments that aren't numbered.

* ThemeNaming: The Shake Dimension's continents are named after synonyms for "shake" (e.g., "jiggle", "quiver", "rock", "wiggle", and "rattle").

* UnnecessarilyCreepyRobot: Chortlebot in ''Shake It!''. Even for a robot clown (a pretty creepy concept in itself), this thing is way creepier than probably needed and has enough weapons to take down an army (like the flamethrower or circular saw). And laughs manically as it attempts to kill Wario.

** Spoiled Rotten in ''4''. Becomes a WakeUpCallBoss if you're [[spoiler:playing on the hidden [[HarderThanHard S-Hard]] mode; the allotted time is cut to a mere ''15 seconds''.]] It's possible to win without items, but it may take a few tries.

** And Golden Diva in ''4''.

* AutoRevive: Recovery potions in ''Shake It!''.

* BatmanGambit: [[spoiler:Syrup]] pulls off a nice one at the end of ''Shake It!'', having manipulated Wario to save the Shake Dimension and gather treasure... but the Shake Dimension had to give her the Bottomless Coin Sack for consolation, and took Wario's treasure with it.

* CreepyCircusMusic: The battle against Chortlebot in ''Shake It!'' has this. It also gets faster as the boss is more and more damaged.

* DecadeDissonance: In ''Shake It!'', there's Neon City/Glittertown right next to all this Wild West stuff, next to ancient Aztec type cities, medieval Japan type villages and who knows what else.

* DurableDeathtrap: Most stuff in temples, as well as Rollanratl.

* EasilyConqueredWorld: The Shake Dimension.

** The Shake King is Thor from Norse Mythology.

** The Shake King, Wario's pirate captain EvilCounterpart in ''Shake It!''.

* IdleAnimation: Found in ''Wario Land 4'' and ''Shake It!''.
* IndyEscape: Common in the first game and ''Shake It!''.

* JungleJapes: Monsoon Jungle and Mystic Lake in ''Wario Land 4'', the entire area of Jiggle Jungle in ''Shake It!''.

** Rollanratl, probably the literal embodiment of this trope taken to the extreme (he fights while holding up the roof, and you can guess what happens when he loses).

** The Shake King in his first battle stage is essentially a bigger version of Wario, using many of the same techniques.

* ATwinkleInTheSky: Exactly what happens to the second boss, Hot Roderick in ''Shake It!''. Courtesy of a boxing glove to the face from Wario's unicycle.

** Rollanratl in ''Shake It!''.
** Spoiled Rotten in ''4''. Becomes a WakeUpCallBoss if you're [[spoiler:playing on the hidden [[HarderThanHard S-Hard]] mode; the alotted time is cut to a mere ''15 seconds''.]] It's possible to win without items, but it may take a few tries.

* BalefulPolymorph: [[spoiler:In ''3'' and ''4''. In ''3'', the entire population of the Music Box world was turned into the monsters Wario beats up throughout the game by the hidden figure. In ''4'', Princess Shokora was transformed into the Black Cat by the Golden Diva after she lost in a magic duel. In both cases, the transformations happen before the events of the games, and are undone when Wario kicks the {{Big Bad}}s' asses.]]

** [[spoiler:A hidden figure in ''Wario Land 3'' and ''Dr. Mario 64'' (he's an AntiVillain known as [[SuddenNameChange Rudy]] in the latter game).]]

* CompleteImmortality: In ''Wario Land II'' and ''III'', Wario cannot be killed by any means. [[spoiler:Subverted in ''III'' during the final boss fight; the hidden figure's grab attack is deadly.]]

** The hidden figure, resident MonsterClown [[spoiler:and Sealed Evil in a Can]] of ''3''.

* GiantHandsOfDoom: The genie in the Virtual Boy game, and the hidden figure in ''Wario Land 3''. [[spoiler:(Unlike everything else in ''3'', the hidden figure's hands ''can'' kill you.)]]

* LargeAndInCharge: Averted by Captain Syrup in the first games, pretty much defined by the hidden figure and the Shake King in the later games, and used to a degree by the Golden Diva and Black Jewel in some of the other games.

** [[spoiler:The twist ending of ''3''. The [[SealedEvilInACan banished devil]] hidden figure, in the guise of the spirit of the temple, talks Wario into retrieving the 5 magic music boxes and using them for escaping the music box world. The hidden figure obviously tries to use them to free himself.]]

* MagicalClown: [[spoiler:The hidden figure]] from ''Wario Land 3'', a SealedEvilInACan monster who turned the inhabitants of the world where the game takes place into monsters.

* MonsterClown: The hidden figure (later named Rudy) from ''Wario Land 3'' is a literal Monster Clown. Chortlebot from ''Shake It!'' is a monster ''robot'' clown.

* NighInvulnerability: Wario is pretty much made of diamond in every aspect, amplified by ''Wario Land II'' & ''3'' which made him COMPLETELY invincible to damage or being killed. Most damage also won't do more than one heart of damage to him in the games with a health bar, instant kill obstacles are completely nonexistent after the first game, and hey, anything that transforms him, like being set on fire, frozen solid, squashed flat, or the like, is completely harmless to him. [[spoiler:Actually, it IS possible to die in ''Wario Land 3'', but you simply have to be caught by the hands of the hidden figure. But that just takes you back to the world map. It could freak you out to think it's a real game over, especially after it '''saves''' after the scene.]] Even in the first game, the only things that can actually hurt Wario are the sharp parts of the enemy (ie: if he bumps into a spear-wielding Goom from behind, he will stun it as opposed to taking damage), and fire/plasma-based substances. In fact, 90% of all things that actually CAN hurt you in this series fall into either category. For a character in [[EverythingTryingToKillYou Mario's universe]], that's still ''very'' resilient.

* SealedEvilInACan: [[spoiler:The hidden figure in ''3''.]]

* VileVillainSaccharineShow: The hidden figure in ''3''. The rest of the game is about as tame as you'd expect from the series up to this point, but the hidden figure is a full-fledged MonsterClown with blood-red eyes and teeth, his main attack is the only thing in the ''entire game'' that can '''kill''' Wario, and, when he TurnsRed, he looks like his face turned inside out.

* YouHaveOutlivedYourUsefulness: [[spoiler:The hidden figure to Wario in ''3''. Upon being freed by the music boxes, he no longer needs Wario, and attempts to "crush [him] like a bug." Subverted when Wario defeats him in self-defense.]]

A ''Franchise/SuperMarioBros'' spinoff and the original branch of the ''VideoGame/{{Wario}}'' franchise. Specifically, a spinoff of the handheld original ''Mario'' titles ''VideoGame/SuperMarioLand'' and ''VideoGame/SuperMarioLand2SixGoldenCoins''. They largely supplanted the original handheld sidescrolling ''Mario'' series, which would not be revived until ''VideoGame/NewSuperMarioBros'', more than a decade later.

A ''Franchise/SuperMarioBros'' spinoff. Specifically, a spinoff of the handheld original ''Mario'' titles ''VideoGame/SuperMarioLand'' and ''VideoGame/SuperMarioLand2SixGoldenCoins''. They largely supplanted the original handheld sidescrolling ''Mario'' series, which would not be revived until ''VideoGame/NewSuperMarioBros'', more than a decade later.

The ''Wario Land'' series centers on Mario's EvilCounterpart, VideoGame/{{Wario}}, in the search for treasure. The games play somewhat similarly to the ''Super Mario Bros.'' series, with a few notable exceptions. Wario is much stronger than the Mario Bros., so many of the games revolve around object manipulation and combat. Wario can pick up enemies and objects to attack and solve puzzles, and generally has butt-stomp and charge attacks to deal with enemies. While you can breeze through each level to reach the goal, usually every stage has a number of hidden treasures that must be found on alternate routes to reach 100% completion and the best ending. Instead of Mario, Wario's nemesis in these games is usually Captain Syrup, a FemmeFatale pirate captain and her army of goblin-like pirates.

* StoppedNumberingSequels: Happened with ''Shake It!'', the fifth game in the series (not counting the Virtual Boy title), though it happened one game earlier in Japan where ''Wario Land 4'' was simply called "Wario Land Advance". Though a separate issue is that the first Wario Land briefly continued the numbering of the Super Mario Land games before ''Wario Land II'' dropped it (meaning that, very technically, ''Wario Land 4'' is also Super Mario Land 6).

%%* BadassMustache: Wario.

* ContrastingSequelMainCharacter: Mario is an [[AllLovingHero All-Loving]] [[TheEveryman Everyman]] who jumps on his foes, gains powers through collecting items, and saves the princess out of wanting to do the right thing. Wario is a {{Jerkass}} VillainProtagonist who only cares about [[{{Greed}} money and gold]] and about one upping Mario. He later becomes an AntiHero in subsequent games whereas he will save the day, [[NotInThisForYourRevolution but only if there's money in it for him]]. He's even been shown to care less about getting the girl than Mario as demonstrated by the end of ''Shake It!''.

* LosingYourHead: The Recapitator enemies in ''Shake It!'' THROW their heads like a boomerang as an attack and the robots that throw their heads along the floor in ''Wario Land 4''.
** As do the zombies in ''Wario Land 2''.

* StoppedNumberingSequels: Happened with ''Shake It!'', the fifth game in the series (not counting the Virtual Boy title), though it happened one game earlier in Japan where ''Wario Land 4'' was simply called "Wario Land Advance". Though a separate issue is that first Wario Land briefly continued the numbering of the Super Mario Land games before ''Wario Land II'' dropped it (meaning that, very technically, ''Wario Land 4'' is also Super Mario Land 6).

* BatmanGambit: [[spoiler:Syrup]] pulls off a nice one at the end of ''Shake It!'', having manipulated Wario to save the Shake Dimension and gather treasure... but the Shake Dimension had to give her the endless coin sack for consolation, and took Wario's treasure with it.

** In ''Shake It!'', [[spoiler:Syrup swipes the Endless Money Bag literally out of Wario's hands after tricking him into diving in to find it.]]

** Wario's Power-Ups are another example of this. In the first game they work very much like the classic ''Super Mario'' ones with a much more thuggish theme -- Wario's answer to the Super Mushroom is the ''Garlic'' Pot, his standard power-up form (Bull Wario) is obtained by obtaining a Bull Pot (or another Garlic Pot if already Normal-sized), and he also has Dragon and Jet forms. In the latter games, instead of being parodies of specific types of power-up, the series parodies power-ups ''as a trope'', with many of Wario's special abilities being a reaction to some enemy's attack: Bouncy Wario (if walloped by a hammer), Crazy (Drunk) Wario (whose breath in the second game is so toxic it kills enemies), Fat Wario (who is so obese that he can shatter all but the sturdiest of floors), Flat Wario (if crushed by a giant weight), Hot Wario (in which Wario is literally set on fire, which eventually grows to consume his entire body), Frozen or Ice Skatin' Wario (encased in some foe's ice-breath), and Zombie Wario (guess) are all typical examples. The only real "power-up" by 3 is Vampire Wario, for which Wario still needs to be bitten.

* BackgroundBoss: The genies in the first ''Wario Land'' and its Virtual Boy sequel, and Rudy the Clown in ''Wario Land 3''. The genie in VBWL is a minor subversion -- Wario can jump behind it.

* BalefulPolymorph: [[spoiler:In ''3'' and ''4''. In ''3'', the entire population of the Music Box world was turned into the monsters Wario beats up throughout the game by Rudy the Clown. In ''4'', Princess Shokora was transformed into the Black Cat by the Golden Diva after she lost in a magic duel. In both cases, the transformations happen before the events of the games, and are undone when Wario kicks the {{Big Bad}}s' asses.]]

** ''3'' has Helio. He has an air pump inside him, and you defeat him by making him cough it up and pumping it until he pops.

** The bubble boss in Wario Land II also counts, although in this case there's no pump - he just inflates when jumped on.

* BeatThemAtTheirOwnGame: The bunny boss in ''Wario Land II'' and ''3''. In I, it's via an odd game of basketball. In three, it's a game of football/soccer. [[BeTheBall In both cases, you must bonk him on the head to turn him into a ball and throw/smash him into the goal.]]

** Captain Syrup in Wario Land 2, getting even for the previous game.
** [[spoiler:Rudy the Clown in ''Wario Land 3'' and ''Dr. Mario 64'' (he's an AntiVillain in the latter game).]]

** Inverted in the first Wario Land game, where Wario is a VillainProtagonist.
* BossArenaIdiocy: Beefne, Cave Master, Bloomsday/Scumflower, and others have either lava or water around the arena to fall into.

* CashGate: The exits of most levels in ''1'' require a 10-coin to open.

* ChekhovsExhibit: The Shake Dimension Globe. Lasts about four minutes in the museum in the intro cut scene.

* CompleteImmortality: In ''Wario Land II'' and ''III'', Wario cannot be killed by any means. [[spoiler:Subverted in ''III'' during the final boss fight; Rudy's grab attack is deadly.]]

** ''Wario Blast: Featuring VideoGame/{{Bomberman}}!'', which is really just the western release of a Bomberman game with Wario added to increase sales. This doesn't stop the fans from attributing the game more to Wario than Bomberman. Top billing has that kind of power.
** Dr. Arewo Stein from the UsefulNotes/GameBoy game ''VideoGame/ForTheFrogTheBellTolls'' is a recurring character in ''Wario Land 3'' and ''4''.

** ''Wario Land 3'' is this compared to the relatively light and happy ''Wario Land 2'', with a more ominous villain and a moodier atmosphere.

* EarlyInstallmentWeirdness: The original game and ''VB Wario Land'' are more linear and contain more elements of its [[Franchise/SuperMarioBros parent series]] (lives, shrinking down when hit, powerups from blocks, etc.) Starting with ''Wario Land II'', the series dropped those elements and became more based on exploration. (And Wario wasn't killable again until Wario Land ''4''.) [[spoiler:(Well, except for one attack from ''3'''s FinalBoss.)]]

* EverythingsBetterWithPenguins: The boss of Sherbet Land is a spiked hat and boxing gloves wearing penguin. There are also basic enemies called Pengoons in ''Shake It!'', and the Penkoons from the original were half penguin, half raccoon (or {{tanuki}}) hybrids.

** Rudy the Clown, resident MonsterClown [[spoiler:and Sealed Evil in a Can]] of ''3''.

* FireBreathingWeapon: The Dragon hat.

* FrothyMugsOfWater: In ''Wario Land II'', birds throw "crazy balls" - or beer in the Japanese version. ''Wario Land 3'' averts the trouble in both versions by changing it to a spun-around "Dizzy Wario".

* GiantHandsOfDoom: The genie in the Virtual Boy game, and Rudy the Clown in ''Wario Land 3''. [[spoiler:(Unlike everything else in ''3'', Rudy's hands ''can'' kill you.)]]

** [[VideoGame/ForTheFrogTheBellTolls Dr. Arewo Stein/Mad Scienstein]] in ''Wario Land 3'' and ''4''. In ''3'', he's one of the few enemies that cannot actually hurt you, and he throws you a potion that turns you invisible, which is always needed to progress through whichever section he appears in. In ''4'', he's once again harmless, and whenever he appears, you need to use him as ammo, a GoombaSpringboard, or a CraniumRide to get to a diamond.

* HiddenDepths: Wario might be a poultry farmer in his spare time, if the "Return the hen to its nest" and its intro from ''2'' are any indication.

* InterfaceScrew: The aforementioned "Crazy Wario" and Dizzy Wario meander back and forth and are difficult to stop.

* LargeAndInCharge: Averted by Captain Syrup in the first games, pretty much defined by Rudy the Clown and the Shake King in the later games, and used to a degree by the Golden Diva and Black Jewel in some of the other games.

** [[spoiler:The twist ending of ''3''. The [[SealedEvilInACan banished devil]] Rudy the Clown, in the guise of the spirit of the temple, talks Wario into retrieving the 5 magic music boxes and using them for escaping the music box world. Rudy obviously tries to use them to free himself.]]

* MagicalClown: [[spoiler:Rudy the Clown]] from ''Wario Land 3'', a SealedEvilInACan monster who turned the inhabitants of the world where the game takes place into monsters.

** Beefne is also this to a lesser extent, using only Wario's Grabbing/throwing move.
* MonsterClown: Rudy the Clown from ''Wario Land 3'' is a literal Monster Clown. Chortlebot from ''Shake It!'' is a monster ''robot'' clown.

* {{Nerf}}: Wario himself. Wario Land 3 turns a number of his abilities (which occurred to him naturally in 2) into [[AmplifierArtifact power-up treasures]] that he must earn. The Lead Overalls give him back his [[GroundPound Smash Attack]], the Double-Finned Flippers give Wario [[YouHaveResearchedBreathing the ability to swim]], the Red Gloves allow him to [[FastballSpecial pick up and throw enemies]], and the Jumping Boots allow him [[InASingleBound that extra smidgeon of height]]. Other power-ups further enhance these abilities.
* NighInvulnerability: Wario is pretty much made of diamond in every aspect, amplified by ''Wario Land II'' & ''3'' which made him COMPLETELY invincible to damage or being killed. Most damage also won't do more than one heart of damage to him in the games with a health bar, instant kill obstacles are completely nonexistent after the first game, and hey, anything that transforms him, like being set on fire, frozen solid, squashed flat, or the like, is completely harmless to him. [[spoiler:Actually, it IS possible to die in ''Wario Land 3'', but you simply have to be caught by the hands of Rudy the Clown. But that just takes you back to the world map. It could freak you out to think it's a real game over, especially after it '''saves''' after the scene.]] Even in the first game, the only things that can actually hurt Wario are the sharp parts of the enemy (ie: if he bumps into a spear-wielding Goom from behind, he will stun it as opposed to taking damage), and fire/plasma-based substances. In fact, 90% of all things that actually CAN hurt you in this series fall into either category. For a character in [[EverythingTryingToKillYou Mario's universe]], that's still ''very'' resilient.

* PowerUpFood: Garlic gives Wario different effects depending on the game. Most of the time, it restores health. However, garlic in the first game restores him to normal after being shrunk from a hit, if he's already big then it gives him a Bull Cap. In Wario Land 3, it's a one-off treasure that permanently powers up his bashing attack. In others, eating too much turns Wario into "Fat Wario," who can defeat any enemy by touching it and break through hard blocks.

* RingOutBoss: The bull boss and the Cave Master.
** Inverted in ''2'' and ''3'', where the bosses try to ring you out while you defeat them normally.

* SealedEvilInACan: [[spoiler:Rudy the Clown in ''3''.]]

* TremorTrampoline: Happens ''every time'' the screen shakes. Even Wario himself is capable of doing this to most of his enemies by {{Ground Pound}}ing. However, in ''3'', he can't do this after first obtaining the ability to GroundPound; he has to collect a certain power-up later on before being able to bounce his enemies like in ''1'' and ''2''.

* VileVillainSaccharineShow: Rudy the Clown in ''3''. The rest of the game is about as tame as you'd expect from the series up to this point, but Rudy is a full-fledged MonsterClown with blood-red eyes and teeth, his main attack is the only thing in the ''entire game'' that can '''kill''' Wario, and, when he TurnsRed, he looks like his face turned inside out.

* YouHaveOutlivedYourUsefulness: [[spoiler:Rudy to Wario in ''3''. Upon being freed by the music boxes, he no longer needs Wario, and attempts to "crush [him] like a bug." Subverted when Wario defeats him in self-defense.]]