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Son of Liu Xun, he supported Confucianism as the state ideology. However, while he was doing that, the empire started to crumble under him, due to his indecisiveness and trust in corrupt officials. Wang Mang (王莽), who usurped the throne, was the nephew of his wife Wang Zhengjun. He favoured his son Liu Kang (劉康/刘康)[[note]]Not that [[Franchise/MortalKombat Liu Kang]][[/note]], the son of his concubine Consort Fu (傅昭儀/傅昭仪[[note]]''Zhāoyí'' (昭儀/昭仪) is the imperial title of a high-ranking concubine[[/note]]), but did not change the order of succession. His reign also saw the appearance of the second of the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina, Wang Zhaojun (王昭君), whom he accidentally sent off to Xiongnu because the local court painter painted her unflatteringly for not trying to bribe him. Thus, Liu Shi dismissed her as plain and could be sent off with no issues, then realized his mistake too late. Still, the relationship with Xiongnu became even stronger due to his accident, so not all was lost. Liu Shi still had the painter executed for the trickery, though.
to:
Son of Liu Xun, he supported Confucianism as the state ideology.ideology (and was reprimanded by his father, who predicted that he'll eventually bring ruin to the empire, which happened under Wang Mang). However, while he was doing that, the empire started to crumble under him, due to his indecisiveness and trust in corrupt officials. Wang Mang (王莽), who usurped the throne, was the nephew of his wife Wang Zhengjun. He favoured his son Liu Kang (劉康/刘康)[[note]]Not that [[Franchise/MortalKombat Liu Kang]][[/note]], the son of his concubine Consort Fu (傅昭儀/傅昭仪[[note]]''Zhāoyí'' (昭儀/昭仪) is the imperial title of a high-ranking concubine[[/note]]), but did not change the order of succession. His reign also saw the appearance of the second of the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina, Wang Zhaojun (王昭君), whom he accidentally sent off to Xiongnu because the local court painter painted her unflatteringly for not trying to bribe him. Thus, Liu Shi dismissed her as plain and could be sent off with no issues, then realized his mistake too late. Still, the relationship with Xiongnu became even stronger due to his accident, so not all was lost. Liu Shi still had the painter executed for the trickery, though.
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Wang Mang was a well-read and educated academic. Prior to becoming Emperor, he had a reputation for being polite and generous. Wang Mang was known to have distributed his own wealth to the poor & needy while remained frugal in regards to his own affairs. Though his tenure as Emperor received no such praise, and left much to be desired. \\
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Wang Mang was a well-read and educated academic. Prior to becoming Emperor, he had a reputation for being polite and generous. Wang Mang was known to have distributed his own wealth to the poor & needy while remained frugal in regards to his own affairs. Though However, his tenure as Emperor received no such praise, and left much to be desired. \\
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Wang Mang would usurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. However, his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between family compositions. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. Moreover, his reforms sought to rekindle the [[NostalgiaFilter good ol' days]] of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). All these combined with his penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] only made the situation worse. Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them.
to:
Wang Mang would usurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. However, his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between family compositions. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. Moreover, his reforms sought to rekindle the [[NostalgiaFilter good ol' days]] of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). All these combined with his penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class classes turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] only made the situation worse. Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and since [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them.
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* '''Sima Qian (司馬遷/司马迁)''': Court historian in the early Han era, most notable for writing ''Shǐjì'' (aka ''Records of the Grand Historian''), a general history of China covering more than 2,000 years from the rise of the mythical Yellow Emperor to his own time. This work established him as the "father of Chinese historiography", with ''Shǐjì'' serving as a model for official history writing in China and the Chinese cultural sphere until the 20th century. He was also an accomplished poet and prose writer, and was also instrumental in creating the traditional Chinese calendar.
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* '''Sima Qian (司馬遷/司马迁)''': Court historian in the early Han era, most notable for writing ''Shǐjì'' (aka ''Records of the Grand Historian''), a general history of China covering more than 2,000 years from the rise of the mythical Yellow Emperor to his own time. This work established him as the "father of Chinese historiography", with ''Shǐjì'' serving as a model for official history writing in China and the Chinese cultural sphere until the 20th century. He was also an accomplished poet and prose writer, and was also instrumental in creating the traditional Chinese calendar.
(''Taichu'') calendar[[note]]The ''Taichu'' calendar came about as the result of an order by Emperor Wu. As a result of this calendar reform, the 1st year of the ''Taichu'' era contains 15 months, and lasts from 26 Nov 105 BC to 10 Feb 103BC in the proleptic Julian calendar.[[/note]].
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Trope was cut/disambiguated due to cleanup
Changed line(s) 120 (click to see context) from:
Wang Mang would usurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. However, his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between family compositions. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. Moreover, his reforms sought to rekindle the [[NostalgiaFilter good ol' days]] of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). All these combined with his penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] only made the situation worse. Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
to:
Wang Mang would usurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. However, his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between family compositions. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. Moreover, his reforms sought to rekindle the [[NostalgiaFilter good ol' days]] of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). All these combined with his penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] only made the situation worse. Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].them.
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The Han also gave imperial China her first Empress and ''living'' Empress Dowager, Lü Zhi (呂雉/吕雉).[[note]]Both Qin emperors left both positions empty, although Qin Shihuang elevated his mother Lady Zhao to the title of Empress dowager posthumously.[[/note]] Lü Zhi proved to be an ambitious woman, and dominated court politics from her husband Liu Bang's death to her own, a period of about 15 years.[[note]]While Lü Zhi's son, Emperor Hui, did inherit the throne, no one was in any doubt on who the real ruler was.[[/note]] Emperor Wu himself faced pressure from his grandmother, Grand Empress Dowager Dou (竇太皇太后/窦太皇太后), during the first years of his reign. The rest of the Han dynasty would also have powerful women, especially in the Eastern Han as there were a lot of child emperors.
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The Han also gave imperial China her first Empress and ''living'' Empress Dowager, Lü Zhi (呂雉/吕雉).[[note]]Both Qin emperors left both positions empty, although Qin Shihuang elevated his mother Lady Zhao to the title of Empress dowager Dowager posthumously.[[/note]] Lü Zhi proved to be an ambitious woman, and dominated court politics from her husband Liu Bang's death to her own, a period of about 15 years.[[note]]While Lü Zhi's son, Emperor Hui, did inherit the throne, no one was in any doubt on who the real ruler was.[[/note]] Emperor Wu himself faced pressure from his grandmother, Grand Empress Dowager Dou (竇太皇太后/窦太皇太后), during the first years of his reign. The rest of the Han dynasty would also have powerful women, especially in the Eastern Han as there were a lot of child emperors.
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General clarification on works content
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[[caption-width-right:350:明犯强漢者，雖遠必誅 (No matter the distance, those who dare violate the Great Han will be annihilated) - Han general Chen Tang]]
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Noteworthy emperors during this era are Emperors Wen and Jing--father and son ushered in what was arguably imperial China's first golden age, the "Reign of Wen and Jing" (文景之治, ''Wén Jǐng zhī Zhì'') and Emperor Wu (Jing's son, who sent men to explore the Silk Road and warred with the Xiongnu).[[note]]Emperor Wu's 54 years on the throne was a record which stood for more than 1700 years until Emperor Kangxi during the Qing Dynasty.[[/note]] Emperor Wu's long reign on the throne also allowed him to wage war against the Xiongnu (pronounced Hunnu at the time) for almost as long as he reigned. Under the leadership of generals such as Wei Qing & Huo Qu Bing, these nomadic peoples were eventually displaced and forced westward, and it is alleged that their descendants mingled with other peoples of central/west Asia, where they eventually reappeared as a new nomadic confederation known to Europe as the [[UsefulNotes/AttilaTheHun Huns]]. By defeating the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu was able to expand China all the way to the Tarim Basin and opened China to trade with the rest of the world. This became the origins of UsefulNotes/TheSilkRoad, a route that future Chinese dynasties would protect with extreme jealousy.
The Han Empire coexisted with the Roman, Parthian (Persian), and Mauryan (north Indian) Empires and together these four countries ruled over more than 70% of the entire world's population. There was much trade contact between the four, both directly and via intermediaries--the Romans had to pass laws restricting the silk trade because Rome's gold reserves were being emptied by its ravenous demand for Chinese silk. The Han Chinese for their part did rather like Roman glassware, particularly glass beads (sophisticated glass-making was as unknown in China as silk was in Rome), but never enough to seriously affect monetary policy. There is some debate about whether Roman and Chinese soldiers ever met in combat--there have been claims that the Persians captured some Roman soldiers, then moved them to their other frontier and paid them to fight for them, where they then fought Han troops in the area of modern Afghanistan. For their part, Han's numerous expeditions into Parthia would allow the Han Chinese to learn about their Roman counterpart in the West, although most of the information regarding Rome was based off what the Chinese learned from Syria. The Han Chinese nonetheless correctly understood that the Roman Republic did not have a permanent king and power was shared (referring to the senate). Furthermore, the Romans were seen as something of a western version of China[[note]]Rome was already the premier power in the Italian Peninsula when [[UsefulNotes/AlexanderTheGreat Alexander of Macedon]] conquered the Achaemenid Empire, and they held the whole Western Mediterranean plus Greece and Asia Minor by the time the Parthians had knocked out the Seleucids; as for the Mauryans, they were the first pan-Indian empire in history, and existed basically only because Alexander had come knocking[[/note]], and their realm was termed as ''Dàqín'' (大秦, "Great Qin"; the Qin and the Roman Republic had also been contemporaries) and this name stuck. There's an account that the Han tried a formal delegation to Rome to establish official relations, but while going through Parthia, the Parthian authorities (perhaps understandably terrified of the two most powerful empires in the known world building relations) persuaded them to turn back before reaching Roman lands.
The Han Empire coexisted with the Roman, Parthian (Persian), and Mauryan (north Indian) Empires and together these four countries ruled over more than 70% of the entire world's population. There was much trade contact between the four, both directly and via intermediaries--the Romans had to pass laws restricting the silk trade because Rome's gold reserves were being emptied by its ravenous demand for Chinese silk. The Han Chinese for their part did rather like Roman glassware, particularly glass beads (sophisticated glass-making was as unknown in China as silk was in Rome), but never enough to seriously affect monetary policy. There is some debate about whether Roman and Chinese soldiers ever met in combat--there have been claims that the Persians captured some Roman soldiers, then moved them to their other frontier and paid them to fight for them, where they then fought Han troops in the area of modern Afghanistan. For their part, Han's numerous expeditions into Parthia would allow the Han Chinese to learn about their Roman counterpart in the West, although most of the information regarding Rome was based off what the Chinese learned from Syria. The Han Chinese nonetheless correctly understood that the Roman Republic did not have a permanent king and power was shared (referring to the senate). Furthermore, the Romans were seen as something of a western version of China[[note]]Rome was already the premier power in the Italian Peninsula when [[UsefulNotes/AlexanderTheGreat Alexander of Macedon]] conquered the Achaemenid Empire, and they held the whole Western Mediterranean plus Greece and Asia Minor by the time the Parthians had knocked out the Seleucids; as for the Mauryans, they were the first pan-Indian empire in history, and existed basically only because Alexander had come knocking[[/note]], and their realm was termed as ''Dàqín'' (大秦, "Great Qin"; the Qin and the Roman Republic had also been contemporaries) and this name stuck. There's an account that the Han tried a formal delegation to Rome to establish official relations, but while going through Parthia, the Parthian authorities (perhaps understandably terrified of the two most powerful empires in the known world building relations) persuaded them to turn back before reaching Roman lands.
to:
Noteworthy emperors during this era are Emperors Wen and Jing--father Jing -- father and son ushered in what was arguably imperial China's first golden age, the "Reign of Wen and Jing" (文景之治, ''Wén Jǐng zhī Zhì'') and Emperor Wu (Jing's son, who sent men to explore the Silk Road and warred with the Xiongnu).[[note]]Emperor Wu's 54 years on the throne was a record which stood for more than 1700 years until Emperor Kangxi during the Qing Dynasty.[[/note]] Emperor Wu's long reign on the throne also allowed him to wage war against the Xiongnu (pronounced Hunnu at the time) for almost as long as he reigned. Under the leadership of generals such as Wei Qing & Huo Qu Bing, these nomadic peoples were eventually displaced and forced westward, and it is alleged that their descendants mingled with other peoples of central/west Asia, where they eventually reappeared as a new nomadic confederation known to Europe as the [[UsefulNotes/AttilaTheHun Huns]]. By defeating the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu was able to expand China all the way to the Tarim Basin and opened China to trade with the rest of the world. This became the origins of UsefulNotes/TheSilkRoad, a route that future Chinese dynasties would protect with extreme jealousy.
The Han Empire coexisted with the Roman, Parthian (Persian), and Mauryan (north Indian) Empires and together these four countries ruled over more than 70% of the entire world's population. There was much trade contact between the four, both directly and viaintermediaries--the intermediaries -- the Romans had to pass laws restricting the silk trade because Rome's gold reserves were being emptied by its ravenous demand for Chinese silk. The Han Chinese for their part did rather like Roman glassware, particularly glass beads (sophisticated glass-making was as unknown in China as silk was in Rome), but never enough to seriously affect monetary policy. There is some debate about whether Roman and Chinese soldiers ever met in combat--there combat -- there have been claims that the Persians captured some Roman soldiers, then moved them to their other frontier and paid them to fight for them, where they then fought Han troops in the area of modern Afghanistan. For their part, Han's numerous expeditions into Parthia would allow the Han Chinese to learn about their Roman counterpart in the West, although most of the information regarding Rome was based off what the Chinese learned from Syria. The Han Chinese nonetheless correctly understood that the Roman Republic did not have a permanent king and power was shared (referring to the senate). Furthermore, the Romans were seen as something of a western version of China[[note]]Rome was already the premier power in the Italian Peninsula when [[UsefulNotes/AlexanderTheGreat Alexander of Macedon]] conquered the Achaemenid Empire, and they held the whole Western Mediterranean plus Greece and Asia Minor by the time the Parthians had knocked out the Seleucids; as for the Mauryans, they were the first pan-Indian empire in history, and existed basically only because Alexander had come knocking[[/note]], and their realm was termed as ''Dàqín'' (大秦, "Great Qin"; the Qin and the Roman Republic had also been contemporaries) and this name stuck. There's an account that the Han tried a formal delegation to Rome to establish official relations, but while going through Parthia, the Parthian authorities (perhaps understandably terrified of the two most powerful empires in the known world building relations) persuaded them to turn back before reaching Roman lands.
The Han Empire coexisted with the Roman, Parthian (Persian), and Mauryan (north Indian) Empires and together these four countries ruled over more than 70% of the entire world's population. There was much trade contact between the four, both directly and via
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'''Life:''' 256 BCE - 195 BCE \\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Lü Zhi (呂雉/吕雉; 241 BCE - 180 BCE), Empress Bo (薄太后; ??? - 155 BCE), at least three other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Lü Zhi (呂雉/吕雉; 241 BCE - 180 BCE), Empress Bo (薄太后; ??? - 155 BCE), at least three other concubines
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'''Life:''' 256 BCE - – 195 BCE \\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Lü Zhi (呂雉/吕雉; 241 BCE- – 180 BCE), Empress Bo (薄太后; ??? - – 155 BCE), at least three other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Lü Zhi (呂雉/吕雉; 241 BCE
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[[folder:Liu Ying, Emperor Hui of Han 漢惠帝劉盈/汉惠帝刘盈 (195 BCE - 188 BCE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Ying, Emperor Hui of Han 漢惠帝劉盈/汉惠帝刘盈 (195 BCE - – 188 BCE)]]
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'''Life:''' 210 BCE - 188 BCE\\
'''Consorts''': Empress Zhang Yan (張嫣/张嫣; 202 BCE - 163 BCE)
'''Consorts''': Empress Zhang Yan (張嫣/张嫣; 202 BCE - 163 BCE)
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'''Life:''' 210 BCE - – 188 BCE\\
'''Consorts''': Empress Zhang Yan (張嫣/张嫣; 202 BCE- – 163 BCE)
'''Consorts''': Empress Zhang Yan (張嫣/张嫣; 202 BCE
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[[folder:Liu Heng, Emperor Wen of Han 漢文帝劉恆/汉文帝刘恒 (180 BCE - 157 BCE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Heng, Emperor Wen of Han 漢文帝劉恆/汉文帝刘恒 (180 BCE - – 157 BCE)]]
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'''Life:''' 203/2 BCE - 157 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Princess Consort Lü (王后呂氏/王后吕氏; ??? - ???) Empress Dou Yifang (竇猗房/窦猗房; c. 205 BCE - 135 BCE), at least one other concubine
Became emperor after the Lü clan were deposed and murdered after Lü Zhi's death. His reign was marked by internal stability, and the reign of him and his son Emperor Jing is known as a golden age in Chinese history. He was considered a benevolent ruler. He was also known as filially pious[[note]]Essentially respecting your ancestors, usually your parents and grandparents[[/note]].
'''Consorts:''' Princess Consort Lü (王后呂氏/王后吕氏; ??? - ???) Empress Dou Yifang (竇猗房/窦猗房; c. 205 BCE - 135 BCE), at least one other concubine
Became emperor after the Lü clan were deposed and murdered after Lü Zhi's death. His reign was marked by internal stability, and the reign of him and his son Emperor Jing is known as a golden age in Chinese history. He was considered a benevolent ruler. He was also known as filially pious[[note]]Essentially respecting your ancestors, usually your parents and grandparents[[/note]].
to:
'''Life:''' 203/2 BCE - – 157 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Princess Consort Lü (王后呂氏/王后吕氏; ???- – ???) Empress Dou Yifang (竇猗房/窦猗房; c. 205 BCE - – 135 BCE), at least one other concubine
Became emperor after the Lü clan were deposed and murdered after Lü Zhi's death. His reign was marked by internal stability, and the reign of him and his son Emperor Jing is known as a golden age in Chinese history. He was considered a benevolent ruler. He was also known as filiallypious[[note]]Essentially pious, i.e. respecting your one's ancestors, usually your one's parents and grandparents[[/note]].grandparents.
'''Consorts:''' Princess Consort Lü (王后呂氏/王后吕氏; ???
Became emperor after the Lü clan were deposed and murdered after Lü Zhi's death. His reign was marked by internal stability, and the reign of him and his son Emperor Jing is known as a golden age in Chinese history. He was considered a benevolent ruler. He was also known as filially
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[[folder:Liu Qi, Emperor Jing of Han 漢景帝劉啟/汉景帝刘启 (188 BCE - 141 BCE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Qi, Emperor Jing of Han 漢景帝劉啟/汉景帝刘启 (188 BCE - – 141 BCE)]]
Changed line(s) 52,55 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 188 BCE - 141 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Bo (薄皇后; ??? - 147 BCE), Empress Wang Zhi (王娡; 173 BCE - 126 BCE), at least five other concubines
Continued his father's peaceful reign (the so-called "Reign of Wen and Jing" is known as a golden age and period of stability in Chinese history). However, his reign was also marked by political intrigue and treachery. He is also credited with furthering the study of Taoist texts. The "Rebellion of the Seven States" occured during his reign.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Bo (薄皇后; ??? - 147 BCE), Empress Wang Zhi (王娡; 173 BCE - 126 BCE), at least five other concubines
Continued his father's peaceful reign (the so-called "Reign of Wen and Jing" is known as a golden age and period of stability in Chinese history). However, his reign was also marked by political intrigue and treachery. He is also credited with furthering the study of Taoist texts. The "Rebellion of the Seven States" occured during his reign.
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'''Life:''' 188 BCE - – 141 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Bo (薄皇后; ???- – 147 BCE), Empress Wang Zhi (王娡; 173 BCE - – 126 BCE), at least five other concubines
Continued his father's peaceful reign (the so-called "Reign of Wen and Jing" is known as a golden age and period of stability in Chinese history). However, his reign was also marked by political intrigue and treachery. He is also credited with furthering the study of Taoist texts. The "Rebellion of the Seven States"occured occurred during his reign.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Bo (薄皇后; ???
Continued his father's peaceful reign (the so-called "Reign of Wen and Jing" is known as a golden age and period of stability in Chinese history). However, his reign was also marked by political intrigue and treachery. He is also credited with furthering the study of Taoist texts. The "Rebellion of the Seven States"
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'''Life:''' 156 BCE - 87 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Chen Jiao (陳嬌/陈娇; 166/5 BCE - 110 BCE), Empress Wei Zifu (衛子夫/卫子夫; ??? - 91 BCE), at least four other concubines
The Emperor responsible for broadly defining the borders of China up to the present day. He continued the golden age since his grandfather's peaceful reign with expansionism, conquering what is now parts of Korea and Vietnam. Emperor Wu reigned for over half-century, and warred against Han's neighbors, but in particular, the Xiongnu for almost as long as he was on the throne. Domestically, he elevated Confucianism as the official doctrine while practicing pragmatic policies similar to Legalist teachings. Often gets compared to Qin Shi Huangdi for his military achievements, strict use of rewards and punishments as well as attempts to gain immortality in his final years. The copper coin he introduced in 118 BCE, the ''wuzhu'' (五銖/五铢), was legal tender in China for more than ''7 centuries''; it was replaced by the ''Kaiyuan Tongbao'' (開元通寶/开元通宝) coin during the early Tang era. In his late reign, people framed his eldest son Liu Ju (劉據/刘据) of witchcraft; Liu Che decided to execute his entire family (except Liu Ju's newborn grandson who was thrown in prison), and Liu Ju committed suicide.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Chen Jiao (陳嬌/陈娇; 166/5 BCE - 110 BCE), Empress Wei Zifu (衛子夫/卫子夫; ??? - 91 BCE), at least four other concubines
The Emperor responsible for broadly defining the borders of China up to the present day. He continued the golden age since his grandfather's peaceful reign with expansionism, conquering what is now parts of Korea and Vietnam. Emperor Wu reigned for over half-century, and warred against Han's neighbors, but in particular, the Xiongnu for almost as long as he was on the throne. Domestically, he elevated Confucianism as the official doctrine while practicing pragmatic policies similar to Legalist teachings. Often gets compared to Qin Shi Huangdi for his military achievements, strict use of rewards and punishments as well as attempts to gain immortality in his final years. The copper coin he introduced in 118 BCE, the ''wuzhu'' (五銖/五铢), was legal tender in China for more than ''7 centuries''; it was replaced by the ''Kaiyuan Tongbao'' (開元通寶/开元通宝) coin during the early Tang era. In his late reign, people framed his eldest son Liu Ju (劉據/刘据) of witchcraft; Liu Che decided to execute his entire family (except Liu Ju's newborn grandson who was thrown in prison), and Liu Ju committed suicide.
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'''Life:''' 156 BCE - – 87 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Chen Jiao (陳嬌/陈娇; 166/5 BCE- – 110 BCE), Empress Wei Zifu (衛子夫/卫子夫; ??? - – 91 BCE), at least four other concubines
The Emperor responsible for broadly defining the borders of China up to the present day. He continued the golden age since his grandfather's peaceful reign with expansionism, conquering what is now parts of Korea and Vietnam. Emperor Wu reigned for over half-century, and warred against Han's neighbors, but in particular, the Xiongnu for almost as long as he was on the throne. Domestically, he elevated Confucianism as the official doctrine while practicing pragmatic policies similar to Legalist teachings. Often gets compared to Qin Shi Huangdi for his military achievements, strict use of rewards and punishments as well as attempts to gain immortality in his final years. The copper coin he introduced in 118 BCE, the''wuzhu'' ''wǔzhū'' (五銖/五铢), was legal tender in China for more than ''7 centuries''; it was replaced by the ''Kaiyuan Tongbao'' ''kāiyuán tōngbǎo'' (開元通寶/开元通宝) coin during the early Tang era. In his late reign, people framed his eldest son Liu Ju (劉據/刘据) of witchcraft; Liu Che decided to execute his entire family (except Liu Ju's newborn grandson who was thrown in prison), and Liu Ju committed suicide.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Chen Jiao (陳嬌/陈娇; 166/5 BCE
The Emperor responsible for broadly defining the borders of China up to the present day. He continued the golden age since his grandfather's peaceful reign with expansionism, conquering what is now parts of Korea and Vietnam. Emperor Wu reigned for over half-century, and warred against Han's neighbors, but in particular, the Xiongnu for almost as long as he was on the throne. Domestically, he elevated Confucianism as the official doctrine while practicing pragmatic policies similar to Legalist teachings. Often gets compared to Qin Shi Huangdi for his military achievements, strict use of rewards and punishments as well as attempts to gain immortality in his final years. The copper coin he introduced in 118 BCE, the
Changed line(s) 66 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Fuling, Emperor Zhao of Han 漢昭帝劉弗陵/汉昭帝刘弗陵 (87 BCE - 74 BCE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Fuling, Emperor Zhao of Han 漢昭帝劉弗陵/汉昭帝刘弗陵 (87 BCE - – 74 BCE)]]
Changed line(s) 68,71 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 94 BCE - 74 BC\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Dowager Shangguan (上官太后; 89 BCE - 37 BCE), at least one other concubine
Son of Liu Che, he became emperor at the age of seven or eight. He spent his early reign caught in a power struggle between his two of his co-regents, who were also the paternal and maternal grandfathers of his wife--Shangguan Jie (上官桀) and Huo Guang (霍光), respectively. The power struggle ended in Huo Guang exterminating the Shangguan clan (Empress Dowager Shangguan was spared because she was eight years old and Huo Guang's granddaughter). The young emperor was wise beyond his years, but died at the age of 20 before making his mark as emperor.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Dowager Shangguan (上官太后; 89 BCE - 37 BCE), at least one other concubine
Son of Liu Che, he became emperor at the age of seven or eight. He spent his early reign caught in a power struggle between his two of his co-regents, who were also the paternal and maternal grandfathers of his wife--Shangguan Jie (上官桀) and Huo Guang (霍光), respectively. The power struggle ended in Huo Guang exterminating the Shangguan clan (Empress Dowager Shangguan was spared because she was eight years old and Huo Guang's granddaughter). The young emperor was wise beyond his years, but died at the age of 20 before making his mark as emperor.
to:
'''Life:''' 94 BCE - – 74 BC\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Dowager Shangguan (上官太后; 89 BCE- – 37 BCE), at least one other concubine
Son of Liu Che, he became emperor at the age of seven or eight. He spent his early reign caught in a power struggle between his two of his co-regents, who were also the paternal and maternal grandfathers of hiswife--Shangguan wife -- Shangguan Jie (上官桀) and Huo Guang (霍光), respectively. The power struggle ended in Huo Guang exterminating the Shangguan clan (Empress Dowager Shangguan was spared because she was eight years old and Huo Guang's granddaughter). The young emperor was wise beyond his years, but died at the age of 20 before making his mark as emperor.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Dowager Shangguan (上官太后; 89 BCE
Son of Liu Che, he became emperor at the age of seven or eight. He spent his early reign caught in a power struggle between his two of his co-regents, who were also the paternal and maternal grandfathers of his
Changed line(s) 74 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Xun (né Liu Bingyi), Emperor Xuan of Han 漢宣帝劉詢/汉宣帝刘询 (74 BCE - 48 BCE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Xun (né Liu Bingyi), Emperor Xuan of Han 漢宣帝劉詢/汉宣帝刘询 (74 BCE - – 48 BCE)]]
Changed line(s) 76,79 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 91 BCE - 48 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Xu Pingjun (許平君/许平君; 89 BCE - 71 BCE), Empress Huo Chengjun (霍成君; 87 BCE - 54 BCE), Empress Wang (王皇后; ??? - 16 BCE), at least five other concubines
Remember that baby great-grandson Emperor Wu threw into prison? He grew up, learned of his royal origins, and got married. After Emperor Zhao died, Liu He (劉賀/刘贺), one of Emperor Wu's other grandsons, was put into power. However, Liu He was impeached after a month on 1127 different charges. Therefore, they put Liu Bingyi (劉病已/刘病已)[[note]]Who changed his name to 'Xun', to make the naming taboo on the emperor's name easier to follow[[/note]] on the throne as the HiddenBackupPrince. He spent his early reign under the control of Huo Guang. However, his first Empress Xu Pingjun died suddenly after giving birth. Huo Guang's ambitious wife put her own daughter on the throne. Then it was discovered that not only had Lady Huo poisoned Empress Xu, but the Huo clan was plotting against him, so he wiped out the Huos. The rest of his reign was a good one, and he was hard-working and brilliant.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Xu Pingjun (許平君/许平君; 89 BCE - 71 BCE), Empress Huo Chengjun (霍成君; 87 BCE - 54 BCE), Empress Wang (王皇后; ??? - 16 BCE), at least five other concubines
Remember that baby great-grandson Emperor Wu threw into prison? He grew up, learned of his royal origins, and got married. After Emperor Zhao died, Liu He (劉賀/刘贺), one of Emperor Wu's other grandsons, was put into power. However, Liu He was impeached after a month on 1127 different charges. Therefore, they put Liu Bingyi (劉病已/刘病已)[[note]]Who changed his name to 'Xun', to make the naming taboo on the emperor's name easier to follow[[/note]] on the throne as the HiddenBackupPrince. He spent his early reign under the control of Huo Guang. However, his first Empress Xu Pingjun died suddenly after giving birth. Huo Guang's ambitious wife put her own daughter on the throne. Then it was discovered that not only had Lady Huo poisoned Empress Xu, but the Huo clan was plotting against him, so he wiped out the Huos. The rest of his reign was a good one, and he was hard-working and brilliant.
to:
'''Life:''' 91 BCE - – 48 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Xu Pingjun (許平君/许平君; 89 BCE- – 71 BCE), Empress Huo Chengjun (霍成君; 87 BCE - – 54 BCE), Empress Wang (王皇后; ??? - – 16 BCE), at least five other concubines
Remember that baby great-grandson Emperor Wu threw into prison? He grew up, learned of his royal origins, and got married. After Emperor Zhao died, Liu He (劉賀/刘贺), one of Emperor Wu's other grandsons, was put into power. However, Liu He was impeached after a month on 1127 different charges. Therefore, they put Liu Bingyi(劉病已/刘病已)[[note]]Who (劉病已/刘病已)[[note]]who changed his name to 'Xun', to make the naming taboo on the emperor's name easier to follow[[/note]] on the throne as the HiddenBackupPrince. He spent his early reign under the control of Huo Guang. However, his first Empress Xu Pingjun died suddenly after giving birth. Huo Guang's ambitious wife put her own daughter on the throne. Then it was discovered that not only had Lady Huo poisoned Empress Xu, but the Huo clan was plotting against him, so he wiped out the Huos. The rest of his reign was a good one, and he was hard-working and brilliant.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Xu Pingjun (許平君/许平君; 89 BCE
Remember that baby great-grandson Emperor Wu threw into prison? He grew up, learned of his royal origins, and got married. After Emperor Zhao died, Liu He (劉賀/刘贺), one of Emperor Wu's other grandsons, was put into power. However, Liu He was impeached after a month on 1127 different charges. Therefore, they put Liu Bingyi
Changed line(s) 82 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Shi, Emperor Yuan of Han 漢元帝劉奭/汉元帝刘奭 (48 BCE - 33 BCE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Shi, Emperor Yuan of Han 漢元帝劉奭/汉元帝刘奭 (48 BCE - – 33 BCE)]]
Changed line(s) 84,86 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 75 BCE - 33 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Wang Zhengjun (王政君; 71 BCE - 13 CE), at least three other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Wang Zhengjun (王政君; 71 BCE - 13 CE), at least three other concubines
to:
'''Life:''' 75 BCE - – 33 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Wang Zhengjun (王政君; 71 BCE- – 13 CE), at least three other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Wang Zhengjun (王政君; 71 BCE
Changed line(s) 90 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Ao, Emperor Cheng of Han 漢成帝劉驁/汉成帝刘骜 (33 BCE - 7 BCE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Ao, Emperor Cheng of Han 漢成帝劉驁/汉成帝刘骜 (33 BCE - – 7 BCE)]]
Changed line(s) 92,95 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 51 BCE - 7 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Xu Kua (許誇/许夸; ??? - 8 BCE), Empress Zhao Feiyan (趙飛燕/赵飞燕; 45 BCE - 1 BCE), at least six other concubines
He is well known as a playboy emperor. He was enamored with the Zhao sisters, Zhao Feiyan[[note]]Feiyan was also one of China's Great Beauties, but eventually was omitted from the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina in favor of Wang Zhaojun, because she wasn't considered tragic enough or greatly changing history's course.[[/note]] and Zhao Hede (趙合德/赵合德), and he took them as concubines. However, they were rumoured to have murdered the children of other consorts. During his reign, he let Wang Mang, his cousin, rise to power in the court. He had no children when he died.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Xu Kua (許誇/许夸; ??? - 8 BCE), Empress Zhao Feiyan (趙飛燕/赵飞燕; 45 BCE - 1 BCE), at least six other concubines
He is well known as a playboy emperor. He was enamored with the Zhao sisters, Zhao Feiyan[[note]]Feiyan was also one of China's Great Beauties, but eventually was omitted from the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina in favor of Wang Zhaojun, because she wasn't considered tragic enough or greatly changing history's course.[[/note]] and Zhao Hede (趙合德/赵合德), and he took them as concubines. However, they were rumoured to have murdered the children of other consorts. During his reign, he let Wang Mang, his cousin, rise to power in the court. He had no children when he died.
to:
'''Life:''' 51 BCE - – 7 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Xu Kua (許誇/许夸; ???- – 8 BCE), Empress Zhao Feiyan (趙飛燕/赵飞燕; 45 BCE - – 1 BCE), at least six other concubines
He is well known as a playboy emperor. He was enamored with the Zhao sisters, Zhao Feiyan[[note]]Feiyan was also one of China's Great Beauties, but eventually was omitted from the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina in favor of Wang Zhaojun, because she wasn't considered tragic enough or greatly changing history'scourse.[[/note]] course[[/note]] and Zhao Hede (趙合德/赵合德), and he took them as concubines. However, they were rumoured to have murdered the children of other consorts. During his reign, he let Wang Mang, his cousin, rise to power in the court. He had no children when he died.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Xu Kua (許誇/许夸; ???
He is well known as a playboy emperor. He was enamored with the Zhao sisters, Zhao Feiyan[[note]]Feiyan was also one of China's Great Beauties, but eventually was omitted from the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina in favor of Wang Zhaojun, because she wasn't considered tragic enough or greatly changing history's
Changed line(s) 98 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Xin, Emperor Ai of Han 漢哀帝劉欣/汉哀帝刘欣 (7 BCE - 1 BCE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Xin, Emperor Ai of Han 漢哀帝劉欣/汉哀帝刘欣 (7 BCE - – 1 BCE)]]
Changed line(s) 100,102 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 27 BCE - 1 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Fu (傅皇后; ??? - 1 BCE)
'''Consorts:''' Empress Fu (傅皇后; ??? - 1 BCE)
to:
'''Life:''' 27 BCE - – 1 BCE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Fu (傅皇后; ???- – 1 BCE)
'''Consorts:''' Empress Fu (傅皇后; ???
Changed line(s) 106 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Kan (né Liu Jizi), Emperor Ping of Han 漢平帝劉衎/汉平帝刘衎 (1 BCE - 6 CE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Kan (né Liu Jizi), Emperor Ping of Han 漢平帝劉衎/汉平帝刘衎 (1 BCE - – 6 CE)]]
Changed line(s) 108,111 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 9 BCE - 6 CE \\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Wang (王皇后; 8 BCE - 23 CE)
Became emperor at the age of eight via Wang Zhengjun (王政君; a consort of Emperor Yuan) and Wang Mang's machinations. Like Emperor Xuan before him, his name was changed--in his case, from Liu Jizi (劉箕子/刘箕子)--to reduce the burden on the populace to maintain the naming taboo. He had a heart condition, so he was initially easy to control as a puppet. He was married to Wang Mang's daughter[[note]]Which seems to have actually been happy, as she refused to remarry after his death, and retained loyalty to the Han[[/note]], which helped Wang Mang gain power. By his early teens, however, he grew out of his heart condition and made it clear he resented Wang Mang for killing his relatives. Wang Mang poisoned him and put a baby on the throne, before usurping the throne himself.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Wang (王皇后; 8 BCE - 23 CE)
Became emperor at the age of eight via Wang Zhengjun (王政君; a consort of Emperor Yuan) and Wang Mang's machinations. Like Emperor Xuan before him, his name was changed--in his case, from Liu Jizi (劉箕子/刘箕子)--to reduce the burden on the populace to maintain the naming taboo. He had a heart condition, so he was initially easy to control as a puppet. He was married to Wang Mang's daughter[[note]]Which seems to have actually been happy, as she refused to remarry after his death, and retained loyalty to the Han[[/note]], which helped Wang Mang gain power. By his early teens, however, he grew out of his heart condition and made it clear he resented Wang Mang for killing his relatives. Wang Mang poisoned him and put a baby on the throne, before usurping the throne himself.
to:
'''Life:''' 9 BCE - – 6 CE \\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Wang (王皇后; 8 BCE- – 23 CE)
Became emperor at the age of eight via Wang Zhengjun (王政君; a consort of Emperor Yuan) and Wang Mang's machinations. Like Emperor Xuan before him, his name waschanged--in changed -- in his case, from Liu Jizi (劉箕子/刘箕子)--to (劉箕子/刘箕子) -- to reduce the burden on the populace to maintain the naming taboo. He had a heart condition, so he was initially easy to control as a puppet. He was married to Wang Mang's daughter[[note]]Which seems to have actually been happy, as she refused to remarry after his death, and retained loyalty to the Han[[/note]], which helped Wang Mang gain power. By his early teens, however, he grew out of his heart condition and made it clear he resented Wang Mang for killing his relatives. Wang Mang poisoned him and put a baby on the throne, before usurping the throne himself.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Wang (王皇后; 8 BCE
Became emperor at the age of eight via Wang Zhengjun (王政君; a consort of Emperor Yuan) and Wang Mang's machinations. Like Emperor Xuan before him, his name was
Changed line(s) 115,117 (click to see context) from:
->'''Life:''' 45 BCE - 23 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Wang (王皇后, no relation; ??? - 21 CE), Empress Shi (史皇后; ??? - ???), at least four other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Wang (王皇后, no relation; ??? - 21 CE), Empress Shi (史皇后; ??? - ???), at least four other concubines
to:
->'''Life:''' 45 BCE - – 23 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Wang (王皇后, no relation; ???- – 21 CE), Empress Shi (史皇后; ??? - – ???), at least four other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Wang (王皇后, no relation; ???
Changed line(s) 120 (click to see context) from:
Wang Mang would upsurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between family compositions. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. Moreover, his reforms sought to rekindle the [[NostalgiaFilter good ol' days]] of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). All these combined with his penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] only made the situation worse. Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
to:
Wang Mang would upsurp usurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though However, his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between family compositions. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. Moreover, his reforms sought to rekindle the [[NostalgiaFilter good ol' days]] of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). All these combined with his penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] only made the situation worse. Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
Changed line(s) 123 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han 漢光武帝劉秀/汉光武帝刘秀 (5 BC - 57 AD)]]
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[[folder:Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han 漢光武帝劉秀/汉光武帝刘秀 (5 BC - – 57 AD)]]
Changed line(s) 125,127 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 5 BCE - 57 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Yin Lihua (陰麗華/阴丽华; 5 CE - 64 CE), Empress Guo Shengtong (郭聖通/郭圣通; ??? - 52 CE), at least one other concubine
'''Consorts:''' Empress Yin Lihua (陰麗華/阴丽华; 5 CE - 64 CE), Empress Guo Shengtong (郭聖通/郭圣通; ??? - 52 CE), at least one other concubine
to:
'''Life:''' 5 BCE - – 57 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Yin Lihua (陰麗華/阴丽华; 5 CE- – 64 CE), Empress Guo Shengtong (郭聖通/郭圣通; ??? - – 52 CE), at least one other concubine
'''Consorts:''' Empress Yin Lihua (陰麗華/阴丽华; 5 CE
Changed line(s) 131 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Zhuang, Emperor Ming of Han 漢明帝劉莊/汉明帝刘庄 (57 CE - 75 CE]]
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[[folder:Liu Zhuang, Emperor Ming of Han 漢明帝劉莊/汉明帝刘庄 (57 CE - – 75 CE]]
Changed line(s) 133,135 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 28 CE - 75 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Ma (馬皇后/马皇后; 39 CE - 79 CE), at least four other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Ma (馬皇后/马皇后; 39 CE - 79 CE), at least four other concubines
to:
'''Life:''' 28 CE - – 75 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Ma (馬皇后/马皇后; 39 CE- – 79 CE), at least four other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Ma (馬皇后/马皇后; 39 CE
Changed line(s) 139 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Da, Emperor Zhang of Han 漢章帝劉炟/汉章帝刘炟 (75 CE - 88 CE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Da, Emperor Zhang of Han 漢章帝劉炟/汉章帝刘炟 (75 CE - – 88 CE)]]
Changed line(s) 141,143 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 56 CE - 88 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Dou (竇皇后/窦皇后; ??? - 97 CE), Consort Liang (梁貴人/梁贵人; c. 61/2 CE - 83 CE , honoured posthumously), Consort Song (宋貴人/宋贵人; ??? - 82 CE, honoured posthumously), at least one other concubine
'''Consorts:''' Empress Dou (竇皇后/窦皇后; ??? - 97 CE), Consort Liang (梁貴人/梁贵人; c. 61/2 CE - 83 CE , honoured posthumously), Consort Song (宋貴人/宋贵人; ??? - 82 CE, honoured posthumously), at least one other concubine
to:
'''Life:''' 56 CE - – 88 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Dou (竇皇后/窦皇后; ???- – 97 CE), Consort Liang (梁貴人/梁贵人; c. 61/2 CE - – 83 CE , honoured posthumously), Consort Song (宋貴人/宋贵人; ??? - – 82 CE, honoured posthumously), at least one other concubine
'''Consorts:''' Empress Dou (竇皇后/窦皇后; ???
Changed line(s) 147 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Zhao, Emperor He of Han 漢和帝劉肇/汉和帝刘肇 (88 CE - 106 CE)]]
to:
[[folder:Liu Zhao, Emperor He of Han 漢和帝劉肇/汉和帝刘肇 (88 CE - – 106 CE)]]
Changed line(s) 149,152 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 79 CE - 106 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Yin (皇后陰氏/皇后阴氏; 80 CE - 102 CE), Empress Dowager Deng Sui (鄧綏/邓绥; 81 CE - 121 CE), at least two other concubines
While he was a kind and gentle man, he lacked his father and grandfather's political ability. Despite the fact that it was his reign when the Eastern Han began its decline, scientific progress, including the invention of paper, was made during his reign.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Yin (皇后陰氏/皇后阴氏; 80 CE - 102 CE), Empress Dowager Deng Sui (鄧綏/邓绥; 81 CE - 121 CE), at least two other concubines
While he was a kind and gentle man, he lacked his father and grandfather's political ability. Despite the fact that it was his reign when the Eastern Han began its decline, scientific progress, including the invention of paper, was made during his reign.
to:
'''Life:''' 79 CE - – 106 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Yin (皇后陰氏/皇后阴氏; 80 CE- – 102 CE), Empress Dowager Deng Sui (鄧綏/邓绥; 81 CE - – 121 CE), at least two other concubines
While he was a kind and gentle man, he lacked his father and grandfather's political ability.Despite the fact that While it was in his reign when the Eastern Han began its decline, scientific progress, including the invention of paper, was made during his reign.
'''Consorts:''' Empress Yin (皇后陰氏/皇后阴氏; 80 CE
While he was a kind and gentle man, he lacked his father and grandfather's political ability.
Changed line(s) 155 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Hu, Emperor An of Han 漢安帝劉祜/汉安帝刘祜 (107 CE - 125 CE)]]
to:
[[folder:Liu Hu, Emperor An of Han 漢安帝劉祜/汉安帝刘祜 (107 CE - – 125 CE)]]
Changed line(s) 157,159 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 94 CE - 125 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Yan Ji (閻姬/阎姬; ??? - 126 CE), Empress/Madam Li (李氏; ??? - 115 CE, honoured posthumously)
'''Consorts:''' Empress Yan Ji (閻姬/阎姬; ??? - 126 CE), Empress/Madam Li (李氏; ??? - 115 CE, honoured posthumously)
to:
'''Life:''' 94 CE - – 125 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Yan Ji (閻姬/阎姬; ???- – 126 CE), Empress/Madam Li (李氏; ??? - – 115 CE, honoured posthumously)
'''Consorts:''' Empress Yan Ji (閻姬/阎姬; ???
Changed line(s) 163 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Bao, Emperor Shun of Han 漢順帝劉保/汉顺帝刘保 (125 CE - 144 CE)]]
to:
[[folder:Liu Bao, Emperor Shun of Han 漢順帝劉保/汉顺帝刘保 (125 CE - – 144 CE)]]
Changed line(s) 165,167 (click to see context) from:
'''Life:''' 115 CE - 144 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Dowager Liang Na (梁妠/梁妠; 116 CE - 150 CE), at least three other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Dowager Liang Na (梁妠/梁妠; 116 CE - 150 CE), at least three other concubines
to:
'''Life:''' 115 CE - – 144 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Dowager Liang Na (梁妠/梁妠; 116 CE- – 150 CE), at least three other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Dowager Liang Na (梁妠/梁妠; 116 CE
Changed line(s) 171 (click to see context) from:
[[folder:Liu Zhi, Emperor Huan of Han 漢桓帝劉志/汉桓帝刘志 (146 CE - 168 CE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Zhi, Emperor Huan of Han 漢桓帝劉志/汉桓帝刘志 (146 CE - – 168 CE)]]
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'''Life:''' 132 CE - 168 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Liang Nüying (梁女瑩/梁女莹; ??? - 159 CE), Empress Deng Mengnü (鄧猛女/邓猛女; ??? - 165), Empress Dou Miao (竇妙/窦妙; ??? - 172 CE), at least four other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Liang Nüying (梁女瑩/梁女莹; ??? - 159 CE), Empress Deng Mengnü (鄧猛女/邓猛女; ??? - 165), Empress Dou Miao (竇妙/窦妙; ??? - 172 CE), at least four other concubines
to:
'''Life:''' 132 CE - – 168 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Liang Nüying (梁女瑩/梁女莹; ???- – 159 CE), Empress Deng Mengnü (鄧猛女/邓猛女; ??? - – 165), Empress Dou Miao (竇妙/窦妙; ??? - – 172 CE), at least four other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Liang Nüying (梁女瑩/梁女莹; ???
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[[folder:Liu Hong, Emperor Ling of Han 漢靈帝劉宏/汉灵帝刘宏 (168 CE - 189 CE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Hong, Emperor Ling of Han 漢靈帝劉宏/汉灵帝刘宏 (168 CE - – 189 CE)]]
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'''Life:''' 156 CE - 189 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Song (宋皇后; ??? - 178 CE), Empress Dowager He (何太后; ??? - 189 CE), Consort Wang Rong (王榮/王荣; ??? - 181 CE, honoured posthumously)
'''Consorts:''' Empress Song (宋皇后; ??? - 178 CE), Empress Dowager He (何太后; ??? - 189 CE), Consort Wang Rong (王榮/王荣; ??? - 181 CE, honoured posthumously)
to:
'''Life:''' 156 CE - – 189 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Song (宋皇后; ???- – 178 CE), Empress Dowager He (何太后; ??? - – 189 CE), Consort Wang Rong (王榮/王荣; ??? - – 181 CE, honoured posthumously)
'''Consorts:''' Empress Song (宋皇后; ???
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'''Life:''' 176 CE - 190 CE\\
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'''Life:''' 176 CE - – 190 CE\\
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[[folder:Liu Xie, Emperor Xian of Han 漢獻帝劉協/汉献帝刘协 (189 CE - 220 CE)]]
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[[folder:Liu Xie, Emperor Xian of Han 漢獻帝劉協/汉献帝刘协 (189 CE - – 220 CE)]]
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'''Life:''' 181 CE - 234 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Fu Shou (伏壽/伏寿; ??? - 214 CE), Empress Cao Jie (曹節/曹节; 197 CE - 260 CE), at least four other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Fu Shou (伏壽/伏寿; ??? - 214 CE), Empress Cao Jie (曹節/曹节; 197 CE - 260 CE), at least four other concubines
to:
'''Life:''' 181 CE - – 234 CE\\
'''Consorts:''' Empress Fu Shou (伏壽/伏寿; ???- – 214 CE), Empress Cao Jie (曹節/曹节; 197 CE - – 260 CE), at least four other concubines
'''Consorts:''' Empress Fu Shou (伏壽/伏寿; ???
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* '''Xiang Yu''': Liu Bang's archrival. A late general of Qin Dynasty who wanted to restore China free from Qin influences after the dynasty became corrupt after the passing of UsefulNotes/QinShiHuangdi. At first, he actually teamed up with Liu Bang to do the job, but he ended up forming the Hegemon of Chu instead. Thus he lost to Liu Bang in Chu-Han Contention because he was more of a battle juggernaut than a politically savvy man. Due to Liu Bang's erratic actions later, Xiang Yu's posthumously known as a TragicHero who fought to the bitter end and kept his honor as a warrior, a better reputation than Liu Bang's. He's also known to have a very beautiful wife known as either [[IHaveManyNames Consort Yu/Yu Ji/Yu Mei-ren/Yu the Beauty]], known as one of China's most beautiful women, but not counted as [[UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina the four great beauties.]]
to:
* '''Xiang Yu''': Yu (項羽/项羽)''': Liu Bang's archrival. A late general of Qin Dynasty who wanted to restore China free from Qin influences after the dynasty became corrupt after the passing of UsefulNotes/QinShiHuangdi. At first, he actually teamed up with Liu Bang to do the job, but he ended up forming the Hegemon of Chu instead. Thus he lost to Liu Bang in Chu-Han Contention because he was more of a battle juggernaut than a politically savvy man. Due to Liu Bang's erratic actions later, Xiang Yu's posthumously known as a TragicHero who fought to the bitter end and kept his honor as a warrior, a better reputation than Liu Bang's. He's also known to have a very beautiful wife known as either wife, [[IHaveManyNames variously known as]] Consort Yu/Yu Ji/Yu Ji (虞姬) or Yu Mei-ren/Yu the Beauty]], Beauty (虞美人), known as one of China's most beautiful women, but not counted as [[UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina the four great beauties.]]beauties]].
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** '''Han Xin''': Liu Bang's main general, a battle genius and a master of the arts of war. He's usually the one who charges into the battlefield and personally clashed with Xiang Yu. He unfortunately fell off from Liu Bang's favor in his later life, leading to his execution by his old friend.
** '''Zhang Liang''': Liu Bang's main battle strategist, a genius who devises many strategies to help out Liu Bang and Han Xin in battles. He also suspected Liu Bang to be getting worse later, but managed to retire and avoid execution, but his location of death remains a mystery. Not to be confused with [[UsefulNotes/ThreeKingdomsShuWeiWu Zhang Liang, brother of Zhang Jue/Jiao, who initiated the Yellow Turban Rebellion.]]
** '''Xiao He''': Liu Bang's main chancellor. He dealt with the political side of the Han, allowing Liu Bang to win the hearts of the people. Unlike Han Xin and Zhang Liang, Xiao He remained in Liu Bang's good graces and continued to advise Liu Bang's successor (Liu Ying) until his natural death.
* '''Wang Zhaojun''': Originally a harem girl/lady in waiting for Emperor Liu Shi trying to get promoted to concubine to improve her life, but was screwed off by her local painter who put a mole in his picture because she was so confident in her own natural beauty that she refused to bribe the painter with extra money, so Liu Shi dismissed her as plain. She then got sent off to the Xiongnu tribe for political marriage, but that made Liu Shi realize that she's actually the most beautiful lady he has ever seen and executed the painter for tricking him for the sake of his own greed and ego. Regardless, thanks to Wang Zhaojun's willingness to go along with all these, the Han Dynasty averted a possible unnecessary war with Xiongnu and she became known as the second of the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina.
* '''Lu Jia''': Philosopher responsible for converting Emperor Gaozu/Liu Bang to Confucianism and stopping his post-unification ChronicBackstabbingDisorder, setting him to the path of benevolence that made the dynasty so beloved (even if he still lost to Xiang Yu reputation-wise). After calling out Liu Bang for his brazen attitude as an Emperor and made him realize he's gone down the wrong path, Lu Jia fulfilled his task of penning a 12-volume book of how the Qin Dynasty failed with their anti-Confucianism. Liu Bang took the lessons from his book at heart, ensuring a long lasting, beloved dynasty.
* '''Sima Qian''': Court historian in the early Han era, most notable for writing ''Shǐjì'' (aka ''Records of the Grand Historian''), a general history of China covering more than 2,000 years from the rise of the mythical Yellow Emperor to his own time. This work established him as the "father of Chinese historiography", with ''Shǐjì'' serving as a model for official history writing in China and the Chinese cultural sphere until the 20th century. He was also an accomplished poet and prose writer, and was also instrumental in creating the traditional Chinese calendar.
** '''Zhang Liang''': Liu Bang's main battle strategist, a genius who devises many strategies to help out Liu Bang and Han Xin in battles. He also suspected Liu Bang to be getting worse later, but managed to retire and avoid execution, but his location of death remains a mystery. Not to be confused with [[UsefulNotes/ThreeKingdomsShuWeiWu Zhang Liang, brother of Zhang Jue/Jiao, who initiated the Yellow Turban Rebellion.]]
** '''Xiao He''': Liu Bang's main chancellor. He dealt with the political side of the Han, allowing Liu Bang to win the hearts of the people. Unlike Han Xin and Zhang Liang, Xiao He remained in Liu Bang's good graces and continued to advise Liu Bang's successor (Liu Ying) until his natural death.
* '''Wang Zhaojun''': Originally a harem girl/lady in waiting for Emperor Liu Shi trying to get promoted to concubine to improve her life, but was screwed off by her local painter who put a mole in his picture because she was so confident in her own natural beauty that she refused to bribe the painter with extra money, so Liu Shi dismissed her as plain. She then got sent off to the Xiongnu tribe for political marriage, but that made Liu Shi realize that she's actually the most beautiful lady he has ever seen and executed the painter for tricking him for the sake of his own greed and ego. Regardless, thanks to Wang Zhaojun's willingness to go along with all these, the Han Dynasty averted a possible unnecessary war with Xiongnu and she became known as the second of the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina.
* '''Lu Jia''': Philosopher responsible for converting Emperor Gaozu/Liu Bang to Confucianism and stopping his post-unification ChronicBackstabbingDisorder, setting him to the path of benevolence that made the dynasty so beloved (even if he still lost to Xiang Yu reputation-wise). After calling out Liu Bang for his brazen attitude as an Emperor and made him realize he's gone down the wrong path, Lu Jia fulfilled his task of penning a 12-volume book of how the Qin Dynasty failed with their anti-Confucianism. Liu Bang took the lessons from his book at heart, ensuring a long lasting, beloved dynasty.
* '''Sima Qian''': Court historian in the early Han era, most notable for writing ''Shǐjì'' (aka ''Records of the Grand Historian''), a general history of China covering more than 2,000 years from the rise of the mythical Yellow Emperor to his own time. This work established him as the "father of Chinese historiography", with ''Shǐjì'' serving as a model for official history writing in China and the Chinese cultural sphere until the 20th century. He was also an accomplished poet and prose writer, and was also instrumental in creating the traditional Chinese calendar.
to:
** '''Han Xin''': Xin (韓信/韩信)''': Liu Bang's main general, a battle genius and a master of the arts of war. He's usually the one who charges into the battlefield and personally clashed with Xiang Yu. He unfortunately fell off from Liu Bang's favor in his later life, leading to his execution by his old friend.
** '''ZhangLiang''': Liang (張良/张良)''': Liu Bang's main battle strategist, a genius who devises many strategies to help out Liu Bang and Han Xin in battles. He also suspected Liu Bang to be getting worse later, but managed to retire and avoid execution, but his location of death remains a mystery. Not to be confused with [[UsefulNotes/ThreeKingdomsShuWeiWu Zhang Liang, Liang (張梁/张梁)]], brother of Zhang Jue/Jiao, who initiated the Yellow Turban Rebellion.]]
Rebellion.
** '''XiaoHe''': He (蕭何/萧何)''': Liu Bang's main chancellor. He dealt with the political side of the Han, allowing Liu Bang to win the hearts of the people. Unlike Han Xin and Zhang Liang, Xiao He remained in Liu Bang's good graces and continued to advise Liu Bang's successor (Liu Ying) successor, Liu Ying (Emperor Hui), until his natural death.
* '''WangZhaojun''': Zhaojun (王昭君)''': Originally a harem girl/lady in waiting for Emperor Liu Shi trying to get promoted to concubine to improve her life, but was screwed off by her local painter who put a mole in his picture because she was so confident in her own natural beauty that she refused to bribe the painter with extra money, so Liu Shi dismissed her as plain. She then got sent off to the Xiongnu tribe for political marriage, but that made Liu Shi realize that she's actually the most beautiful lady he has ever seen and executed the painter for tricking him for the sake of his own greed and ego. Regardless, thanks to Wang Zhaojun's willingness to go along with all these, the Han Dynasty averted a possible unnecessary war with Xiongnu and she became known as the second of the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina.
* '''LuJia''': Jia (陸賈)''': Philosopher responsible for converting Emperor Gaozu/Liu Bang to Confucianism and stopping his post-unification ChronicBackstabbingDisorder, setting him to the path of benevolence that made the dynasty so beloved (even if he still lost to Xiang Yu reputation-wise). After calling out Liu Bang for his brazen attitude as an Emperor and made him realize he's gone down the wrong path, Lu Jia fulfilled his task of penning a 12-volume book of how the Qin Dynasty failed with their anti-Confucianism. Liu Bang took the lessons from his book at heart, ensuring a long lasting, beloved dynasty.
* '''SimaQian''': Qian (司馬遷/司马迁)''': Court historian in the early Han era, most notable for writing ''Shǐjì'' (aka ''Records of the Grand Historian''), a general history of China covering more than 2,000 years from the rise of the mythical Yellow Emperor to his own time. This work established him as the "father of Chinese historiography", with ''Shǐjì'' serving as a model for official history writing in China and the Chinese cultural sphere until the 20th century. He was also an accomplished poet and prose writer, and was also instrumental in creating the traditional Chinese calendar.
** '''Zhang
** '''Xiao
* '''Wang
* '''Lu
* '''Sima
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The Han Empire coexisted with the Roman, Parthian (Persian), and Mauryan (north Indian) Empires and together these four countries ruled over more than 70% of the entire world's population. There was much trade contact between the four, both directly and via intermediaries--the Romans had to pass laws restricting the silk trade because Rome's gold reserves were being emptied by its ravenous demand for Chinese silk. The Han Chinese for their part did rather like Roman glassware, particularly glass beads (sophisticated glass-making was as unknown in China as silk was in Rome), but never enough to seriously affect monetary policy. There is some debate about whether Roman and Chinese soldiers ever met in combat--there have been claims that the Persians captured some Roman soldiers, then moved them to their other frontier and paid them to fight for them, where they then fought Han troops in the area of modern Afghanistan. For their part, Han's numerous expeditions into Parthia would allow the Han Chinese to learn about their Roman counterpart in the West, although most of the information regarding Rome was based off what the Chinese learned from Syria. The Han Chinese nonetheless correctly understood that the Roman Republic did not have a permanent king and power was shared (referring to the senate). Furthermore, the Romans were seen as something of a western version of China[[note]]Rome was already the premier power in the Italian Peninsula when [[UsefulNotes/AlexanderTheGreat Alexander of Macedon]] conquered the Achaemenid Empire, and they held the whole Western Mediterranean plus Greece and Asia Minor by the time the Parthians had knocked out the Seleucids; as for the Mauryans, they were the first pan-Indian empire in history, and existed basically only because Alexander had come knocking[[/note]], and their realm was termed as ''Dàqín'' (大秦, "Great Qin"; the Qin and the Roman Republic had also been contemporaries) and this name stuck.
to:
The Han Empire coexisted with the Roman, Parthian (Persian), and Mauryan (north Indian) Empires and together these four countries ruled over more than 70% of the entire world's population. There was much trade contact between the four, both directly and via intermediaries--the Romans had to pass laws restricting the silk trade because Rome's gold reserves were being emptied by its ravenous demand for Chinese silk. The Han Chinese for their part did rather like Roman glassware, particularly glass beads (sophisticated glass-making was as unknown in China as silk was in Rome), but never enough to seriously affect monetary policy. There is some debate about whether Roman and Chinese soldiers ever met in combat--there have been claims that the Persians captured some Roman soldiers, then moved them to their other frontier and paid them to fight for them, where they then fought Han troops in the area of modern Afghanistan. For their part, Han's numerous expeditions into Parthia would allow the Han Chinese to learn about their Roman counterpart in the West, although most of the information regarding Rome was based off what the Chinese learned from Syria. The Han Chinese nonetheless correctly understood that the Roman Republic did not have a permanent king and power was shared (referring to the senate). Furthermore, the Romans were seen as something of a western version of China[[note]]Rome was already the premier power in the Italian Peninsula when [[UsefulNotes/AlexanderTheGreat Alexander of Macedon]] conquered the Achaemenid Empire, and they held the whole Western Mediterranean plus Greece and Asia Minor by the time the Parthians had knocked out the Seleucids; as for the Mauryans, they were the first pan-Indian empire in history, and existed basically only because Alexander had come knocking[[/note]], and their realm was termed as ''Dàqín'' (大秦, "Great Qin"; the Qin and the Roman Republic had also been contemporaries) and this name stuck.
stuck. There's an account that the Han tried a formal delegation to Rome to establish official relations, but while going through Parthia, the Parthian authorities (perhaps understandably terrified of the two most powerful empires in the known world building relations) persuaded them to turn back before reaching Roman lands.
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Added a blurb on Sima Qian.
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* '''Lu Jia''': Philosopher responsible of converting Emperor Gaozu/Liu Bang into Confucianism and stopping his post-unification ChronicBackstabbingDisorder, setting him to the path of benevolence that made the dynasty so beloved (even if he still lost to Xiang Yu reputation-wise). After calling out Liu Bang for his brazen attitude as an Emperor and made him realize he's gone down the wrong path, Lu Jia fulfilled his task of penning a 12-volume book of how the Qin Dynasty failed with their anti-Confucianism. Liu Bang took the lessons from his book at heart, ensuring a long lasting, beloved dynasty.
to:
* '''Lu Jia''': Philosopher responsible of for converting Emperor Gaozu/Liu Bang into to Confucianism and stopping his post-unification ChronicBackstabbingDisorder, setting him to the path of benevolence that made the dynasty so beloved (even if he still lost to Xiang Yu reputation-wise). After calling out Liu Bang for his brazen attitude as an Emperor and made him realize he's gone down the wrong path, Lu Jia fulfilled his task of penning a 12-volume book of how the Qin Dynasty failed with their anti-Confucianism. Liu Bang took the lessons from his book at heart, ensuring a long lasting, beloved dynasty.
* '''Sima Qian''': Court historian in the early Han era, most notable for writing ''Shǐjì'' (aka ''Records of the Grand Historian''), a general history of China covering more than 2,000 years from the rise of the mythical Yellow Emperor to his own time. This work established him as the "father of Chinese historiography", with ''Shǐjì'' serving as a model for official history writing in China and the Chinese cultural sphere until the 20th century. He was also an accomplished poet and prose writer, and was also instrumental in creating the traditional Chinese calendar.
* '''Sima Qian''': Court historian in the early Han era, most notable for writing ''Shǐjì'' (aka ''Records of the Grand Historian''), a general history of China covering more than 2,000 years from the rise of the mythical Yellow Emperor to his own time. This work established him as the "father of Chinese historiography", with ''Shǐjì'' serving as a model for official history writing in China and the Chinese cultural sphere until the 20th century. He was also an accomplished poet and prose writer, and was also instrumental in creating the traditional Chinese calendar.
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* ''Film/AsterixAndObelixTheMiddleKingdom'' takes the [[ComicBook/{{Asterix}} Gaulish comic book hero]] to China for the first time in the history of the franchise, with the plot notably concerning a fictional daughter of Emperor Xuan.
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* ''Film/AsterixAndObelixTheMiddleKingdom'' takes the [[ComicBook/{{Asterix}} Gaulish comic book hero]] to China for the first time in the history of the franchise, with the plot notably concerning a fictional daughter of Emperor Xuan.Xuan and UsefulNotes/JuliusCaesar (ahistorically) bringing Roman troops there.
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* ''Film/AsterixAndObelixTheMiddleKingdom'' takes the [[ComicBook/{{Asterix}} Gaulish comic book hero]] to China for the first time in the history of the franchise, with the plot notably concerning a fictional daughter of Emperor Xuan.
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[[RagsToRoyalty Came from a peasant family]], contended against [[BoisterousBruiser Xiang Yu]] for domination of China, and after victory [[YouHaveOutlivedYourUsefulness disposed of his most talented generals]]. Despite [[WrittenByTheWinners a hefty dose of Han propaganda]], [[RootingForTheEmpire Xiang Yu still tends to be the more popular character]] for some reason. He was the husband of the aforementioned Lü Zhi.
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[[RagsToRoyalty Came from a peasant family]], contended against [[BoisterousBruiser Xiang Yu]] for domination of China, and after victory [[YouHaveOutlivedYourUsefulness disposed of his most talented generals]]. Despite generals]], only to [[HeelRealization step back and realize his mistake]] after an encounter with philosopher Lu Jia[[note]]Liu Bang claimed that he did all his conquering on a horse, he had no need of books and documents. Seeing that he lived at the end of the Qin Dynasty where books and scholars were looked down, it would make sense that he'd scoff at scholarly notions since he was raised with such mindset. However, Lu Jia's response silenced Liu Bang completely: [[ArmorPiercingResponse "Once my lord is done with conquering, does he also intend to do all his ruling from the back of his horse?"]][[/note]]. One 12-volume of book by Lu Jia later, Liu Bang converted to Confucianism and spread the religion to his dynasty, setting up the foundation of why his dynasty becomes the most beloved in China, and he stopped doing those backstabbing things. Still, despite [[WrittenByTheWinners a hefty dose of Han propaganda]], [[RootingForTheEmpire Xiang Yu still tends to be the more popular character]] for some reason. He was the husband of the aforementioned Lü Zhi.
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* '''Lu Jia''': Philosopher responsible of converting Emperor Gaozu/Liu Bang into Confucianism and stopping his post-unification ChronicBackstabbingDisorder, setting him to the path of benevolence that made the dynasty so beloved (even if he still lost to Xiang Yu reputation-wise). After calling out Liu Bang for his brazen attitude as an Emperor and made him realize he's gone down the wrong path, Lu Jia fulfilled his task of penning a 12-volume book of how the Qin Dynasty failed with their anti-Confucianism. Liu Bang took the lessons from his book at heart, ensuring a long lasting, beloved dynasty.
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** '''Zhang Liang''': Liu Bang's main battle strategist, a genius who devises many strategies to help out Liu Bang and Han Xin in battles. He also suspects Liu Bang to be getting worse later, but managed to retire and avoid execution, but his location of death remains a mystery. Not to be confused with [[UsefulNotes/ThreeKingdomsShuWeiWu Zhang Liang, brother of Zhang Jue/Jiao, who initiated the Yellow Turban Rebellion.]]
to:
** '''Zhang Liang''': Liu Bang's main battle strategist, a genius who devises many strategies to help out Liu Bang and Han Xin in battles. He also suspects suspected Liu Bang to be getting worse later, but managed to retire and avoid execution, but his location of death remains a mystery. Not to be confused with [[UsefulNotes/ThreeKingdomsShuWeiWu Zhang Liang, brother of Zhang Jue/Jiao, who initiated the Yellow Turban Rebellion.]]
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!Notable non-monarch figures in this era
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!Notable non-monarch figures in this era
* '''Xiang Yu''': Liu Bang's archrival. A late general of Qin Dynasty who wanted to restore China free from Qin influences after the dynasty became corrupt after the passing of UsefulNotes/QinShiHuangdi. At first, he actually teamed up with Liu Bang to do the job, but he ended up forming the Hegemon of Chu instead. Thus he lost to Liu Bang in Chu-Han Contention because he was more of a battle juggernaut than a politically savvy man. Due to Liu Bang's erratic actions later, Xiang Yu's posthumously known as a TragicHero who fought to the bitter end and kept his honor as a warrior, a better reputation than Liu Bang's. He's also known to have a very beautiful wife known as either [[IHaveManyNames Consort Yu/Yu Ji/Yu Mei-ren/Yu the Beauty]], known as one of China's most beautiful women, but not counted as [[UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina the four great beauties.]]
* '''The Three Heroes of Han Dynasty''': Liu Bang's main allies when he brought down the Qin Dynasty and also the Chu-Han Contention.
** '''Han Xin''': Liu Bang's main general, a battle genius and a master of the arts of war. He's usually the one who charges into the battlefield and personally clashed with Xiang Yu. He unfortunately fell off from Liu Bang's favor in his later life, leading to his execution by his old friend.
** '''Zhang Liang''': Liu Bang's main battle strategist, a genius who devises many strategies to help out Liu Bang and Han Xin in battles. He also suspects Liu Bang to be getting worse later, but managed to retire and avoid execution, but his location of death remains a mystery. Not to be confused with [[UsefulNotes/ThreeKingdomsShuWeiWu Zhang Liang, brother of Zhang Jue/Jiao, who initiated the Yellow Turban Rebellion.]]
** '''Xiao He''': Liu Bang's main chancellor. He dealt with the political side of the Han, allowing Liu Bang to win the hearts of the people. Unlike Han Xin and Zhang Liang, Xiao He remained in Liu Bang's good graces and continued to advise Liu Bang's successor (Liu Ying) until his natural death.
* '''Wang Zhaojun''': Originally a harem girl/lady in waiting for Emperor Liu Shi trying to get promoted to concubine to improve her life, but was screwed off by her local painter who put a mole in his picture because she was so confident in her own natural beauty that she refused to bribe the painter with extra money, so Liu Shi dismissed her as plain. She then got sent off to the Xiongnu tribe for political marriage, but that made Liu Shi realize that she's actually the most beautiful lady he has ever seen and executed the painter for tricking him for the sake of his own greed and ego. Regardless, thanks to Wang Zhaojun's willingness to go along with all these, the Han Dynasty averted a possible unnecessary war with Xiongnu and she became known as the second of the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina.
* '''Xiang Yu''': Liu Bang's archrival. A late general of Qin Dynasty who wanted to restore China free from Qin influences after the dynasty became corrupt after the passing of UsefulNotes/QinShiHuangdi. At first, he actually teamed up with Liu Bang to do the job, but he ended up forming the Hegemon of Chu instead. Thus he lost to Liu Bang in Chu-Han Contention because he was more of a battle juggernaut than a politically savvy man. Due to Liu Bang's erratic actions later, Xiang Yu's posthumously known as a TragicHero who fought to the bitter end and kept his honor as a warrior, a better reputation than Liu Bang's. He's also known to have a very beautiful wife known as either [[IHaveManyNames Consort Yu/Yu Ji/Yu Mei-ren/Yu the Beauty]], known as one of China's most beautiful women, but not counted as [[UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina the four great beauties.]]
* '''The Three Heroes of Han Dynasty''': Liu Bang's main allies when he brought down the Qin Dynasty and also the Chu-Han Contention.
** '''Han Xin''': Liu Bang's main general, a battle genius and a master of the arts of war. He's usually the one who charges into the battlefield and personally clashed with Xiang Yu. He unfortunately fell off from Liu Bang's favor in his later life, leading to his execution by his old friend.
** '''Zhang Liang''': Liu Bang's main battle strategist, a genius who devises many strategies to help out Liu Bang and Han Xin in battles. He also suspects Liu Bang to be getting worse later, but managed to retire and avoid execution, but his location of death remains a mystery. Not to be confused with [[UsefulNotes/ThreeKingdomsShuWeiWu Zhang Liang, brother of Zhang Jue/Jiao, who initiated the Yellow Turban Rebellion.]]
** '''Xiao He''': Liu Bang's main chancellor. He dealt with the political side of the Han, allowing Liu Bang to win the hearts of the people. Unlike Han Xin and Zhang Liang, Xiao He remained in Liu Bang's good graces and continued to advise Liu Bang's successor (Liu Ying) until his natural death.
* '''Wang Zhaojun''': Originally a harem girl/lady in waiting for Emperor Liu Shi trying to get promoted to concubine to improve her life, but was screwed off by her local painter who put a mole in his picture because she was so confident in her own natural beauty that she refused to bribe the painter with extra money, so Liu Shi dismissed her as plain. She then got sent off to the Xiongnu tribe for political marriage, but that made Liu Shi realize that she's actually the most beautiful lady he has ever seen and executed the painter for tricking him for the sake of his own greed and ego. Regardless, thanks to Wang Zhaojun's willingness to go along with all these, the Han Dynasty averted a possible unnecessary war with Xiongnu and she became known as the second of the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina.
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Of the "24 Histories", ''Shǐjì'' covers the early Han era, almost until the end of the reign of Emperor Wu.[[note]]However, modern scholarship agrees that the parts of ''Shiji'' that we see today on the reigns of Emperor Jing and Wu were almost certainly ''not'' from Sima Qian; Emperor Wu was reportedly angered by Sima's WartsAndAll recording of both his father's and his reigns.[[/note]] The "Book of Han" (漢書/汉书, ''Hànshū''), attributed to Ban Gu (班固), covered mostly the Western Han, while the "Book of Later Han" (後漢書/后汉书, ''Hòu Hànshū''), attributed to Fan Ye (范曄/范晔), covered the Eastern Han.
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Of the "24 Histories", ''Shǐjì'' covers the early Han era, almost until the end of the reign of Emperor Wu.[[note]]However, modern scholarship agrees that the parts of ''Shiji'' that we see today on the reigns of Emperor Jing and Wu were almost certainly ''not'' from Sima Qian; Emperor Wu was reportedly angered by Sima's WartsAndAll recording of both his father's and his reigns.[[/note]] The "Book of Han" (漢書/汉书, ''Hànshū''), attributed to Ban Gu (班固), covered mostly the Western Han, while the "Book of Later Han" (後漢書/后汉书, ''Hòu Hànshū''), attributed to Fan Ye (范曄/范晔), covered the Eastern Han.
Han. It was also during the Eastern Han that the first written account of Japan was recorded.
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The Emperor responsible for broadly defining the borders of China up to the present day. He continued the golden age since his grandfather's peaceful reign with expansionism, conquering what is now parts of Korea and Vietnam. Emperor Wu reigned for over half-century, and warred against Han's neighbors, but in particular, the Xiongnu for almost as long as he was on the throne. Domestically, he elevated Confucianism as the official doctrine while practicing pragmatic policies similar to Legalist teachings. Often gets compared to Qin Shi Huangdi for his military achievements, strict use of rewards and punishments as well as attempts to gain immortality in his final years. The copper coin he introduced in 118 BCE, the ''wuzhu'' (五銖/五铢), was legal tender in China for more than ''7 centuries''; it was replaced by the ''Kaiyuan Tongbao'' (開元通寶/开元通宝) coin during the early Tang era. In his late reign, people framed his eldest son Liu Ju (劉據/刘据) of witchcraft; Liu Che decided to execute his entire family (except his newborn grandson who was thrown in prison), and Liu Ju committed suicide.
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The Emperor responsible for broadly defining the borders of China up to the present day. He continued the golden age since his grandfather's peaceful reign with expansionism, conquering what is now parts of Korea and Vietnam. Emperor Wu reigned for over half-century, and warred against Han's neighbors, but in particular, the Xiongnu for almost as long as he was on the throne. Domestically, he elevated Confucianism as the official doctrine while practicing pragmatic policies similar to Legalist teachings. Often gets compared to Qin Shi Huangdi for his military achievements, strict use of rewards and punishments as well as attempts to gain immortality in his final years. The copper coin he introduced in 118 BCE, the ''wuzhu'' (五銖/五铢), was legal tender in China for more than ''7 centuries''; it was replaced by the ''Kaiyuan Tongbao'' (開元通寶/开元通宝) coin during the early Tang era. In his late reign, people framed his eldest son Liu Ju (劉據/刘据) of witchcraft; Liu Che decided to execute his entire family (except his Liu Ju's newborn grandson who was thrown in prison), and Liu Ju committed suicide.
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Remember that baby grandson Emperor Wu threw into prison? He grew up, learned of his royal origins, and got married. After Emperor Zhao died, Liu He (劉賀/刘贺), one of Emperor Wu's other grandsons, was put into power. However, Liu He was impeached after a month on 1127 different charges. Therefore, they put Liu Bingyi (劉病已/刘病已)[[note]]Who changed his name to 'Xun', to make the naming taboo on the emperor's name easier to follow[[/note]] on the throne as the HiddenBackupPrince. He spent his early reign under the control of Huo Guang. However, his first Empress Xu Pingjun died suddenly after giving birth. Huo Guang's ambitious wife put her own daughter on the throne. Then it was discovered that not only had Lady Huo poisoned Empress Xu, but the Huo clan was plotting against him, so he wiped out the Huos. The rest of his reign was a good one, and he was hard-working and brilliant.
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Remember that baby grandson great-grandson Emperor Wu threw into prison? He grew up, learned of his royal origins, and got married. After Emperor Zhao died, Liu He (劉賀/刘贺), one of Emperor Wu's other grandsons, was put into power. However, Liu He was impeached after a month on 1127 different charges. Therefore, they put Liu Bingyi (劉病已/刘病已)[[note]]Who changed his name to 'Xun', to make the naming taboo on the emperor's name easier to follow[[/note]] on the throne as the HiddenBackupPrince. He spent his early reign under the control of Huo Guang. However, his first Empress Xu Pingjun died suddenly after giving birth. Huo Guang's ambitious wife put her own daughter on the throne. Then it was discovered that not only had Lady Huo poisoned Empress Xu, but the Huo clan was plotting against him, so he wiped out the Huos. The rest of his reign was a good one, and he was hard-working and brilliant.
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Restored the Han to power after Wang Mang's usurpation. Notable for ''not'' [[YouHaveOutlivedYourUsefulness killing any of his generals once the war was over]], and generally considered a wise ruler who knew when to be merciful, but showing no hesitation for violence when it ''was'' necessary. He was also a rare example of a Chinese ruler who didn't employ [[TheStrategist strategists]], because he had that role covered himself.
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Restored the Han to power after Wang Mang's usurpation. Notable for ''not'' [[YouHaveOutlivedYourUsefulness killing any of his generals once the war was over]], and generally considered a wise ruler who knew when to be merciful, but showing no hesitation for violence when it ''was'' necessary. He was also a rare example of a Chinese ruler who didn't employ [[TheStrategist strategists]], because he had that role covered himself. He was descended from Emperor Jing.
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Continued his father's peaceful reign (the so-called "Reign of Wen and Jing" is known as a golden age and period of stability in Chinese history). However, his reign was also marked by political intrigue and treachery. He is also credited with furthering the study of Taoist texts.
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Continued his father's peaceful reign (the so-called "Reign of Wen and Jing" is known as a golden age and period of stability in Chinese history). However, his reign was also marked by political intrigue and treachery. He is also credited with furthering the study of Taoist texts. The "Rebellion of the Seven States" occured during his reign.
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Became emperor at the age of seven or eight. He spent his early reign caught in a power struggle between his two of his co-regents, who were also the paternal and maternal grandfathers of his wife--Shangguan Jie (上官桀) and Huo Guang (霍光), respectively. The power struggle ended in Huo Guang exterminating the Shangguan clan (Empress Dowager Shangguan was spared because she was eight years old and Huo Guang's granddaughter). The young emperor was wise beyond his years, but died at the age of 20 before making his mark as emperor.
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Remember that baby grandson Emperor Wu threw into prison? He grew up, learned of his royal origins, and got married. After Emperor Zhao died, Liu He (劉賀/刘贺), one of Emperor Wu's other grandsons, was put into power. However, Liu He was impeached after a month on 1127 different charges. Therefore, they put Liu Bingyi (劉病已/刘病已)[[note]]Who changed his name to 'Xun', to make the naming taboo on the emperor's name easier to follow[[/note]] on the throne as the HiddenBackupPrince. He spent his early reign under the control of Huo Guang. However, his first Empress died suddenly after giving birth. Huo Guang's ambitious wife put her own daughter on the throne. Then it was discovered that not only had Lady Huo poisoned his first wife, but the Huo clan was plotting against him, so he wiped out the Huos. The rest of his reign was a good one, and he was hard-working and brilliant.
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Remember that baby grandson Emperor Wu threw into prison? He grew up, learned of his royal origins, and got married. After Emperor Zhao died, Liu He (劉賀/刘贺), one of Emperor Wu's other grandsons, was put into power. However, Liu He was impeached after a month on 1127 different charges. Therefore, they put Liu Bingyi (劉病已/刘病已)[[note]]Who changed his name to 'Xun', to make the naming taboo on the emperor's name easier to follow[[/note]] on the throne as the HiddenBackupPrince. He spent his early reign under the control of Huo Guang. However, his first Empress Xu Pingjun died suddenly after giving birth. Huo Guang's ambitious wife put her own daughter on the throne. Then it was discovered that not only had Lady Huo poisoned his first wife, Empress Xu, but the Huo clan was plotting against him, so he wiped out the Huos. The rest of his reign was a good one, and he was hard-working and brilliant.
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He supported Confucianism as the state ideology. However, while he was doing that, the empire started to crumble under him, due to his indecisiveness and trust in corrupt officials. Wang Mang (王莽), who usurped the throne, was the nephew of his wife Wang Zhengjun. He favoured his son Liu Kang (劉康/刘康)[[note]]Not that [[Franchise/MortalKombat Liu Kang]][[/note]], the son of his concubine Consort Fu (傅昭儀/傅昭仪[[note]]''Zhāoyí'' (昭儀/昭仪) is the imperial title of a high-ranking concubine[[/note]]), but did not change the order of succession. His reign also saw the appearance of the second of the UsefulNotes/FourBeautiesOfAncientChina, Wang Zhaojun (王昭君), whom he accidentally sent off to Xiongnu because the local court painter painted her unflatteringly for not trying to bribe him. Thus, Liu Shi dismissed her as plain and could be sent off with no issues, then realized his mistake too late. Still, the relationship with Xiongnu became even stronger due to his accident, so not all was lost. Liu Shi still had the painter executed for the trickery, though.
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[[caption-width-right:350:明犯强漢者，雖遠必誅 No matter the distance, those who dare violate the Great Han will be annihilated]]
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[[caption-width-right:350:明犯强漢者，雖遠必誅 No (No matter the distance, those who dare violate the Great Han will be annihilated]]
annihilated) - Han general Chen Tang]]
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Wang Mang was a well-read and educated. Prior to becoming Emperor, he had a reputation for being polite and generous. Wang Mang was known to have distributed his own wealth to the poor & needy while remained frugal in regards to his own affairs. Though his tenure as Emperor received no such praise. \\
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Wang Mang was a well-read and educated.educated academic. Prior to becoming Emperor, he had a reputation for being polite and generous. Wang Mang was known to have distributed his own wealth to the poor & needy while remained frugal in regards to his own affairs. Though his tenure as Emperor received no such praise.praise, and left much to be desired. \\
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Confucianism became solidly entrenched as the official government philosophy (during Emperor Wu's reign),[[note]]Liu Bang did not have a coherent state ideology during his reign, although he did adapt Qin rites to suit the Han imperial court under the advice of Shusun Tong (叔孫通/叔孙通), a Confucian. His wife, his son Emperor Wen, and grandson Emperor Jing followed an early form of Taoism. The first few years of Emperor Wu's reign saw the continuation of this form of Taoism, until the death of Wu's grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Dou.[[/note]] but Legalism remained at large, especially policies in regards to crime and punishment. This was also the time when many Chinese inventions came forward: paper (a must for bureaucrats), advances in metallurgy (in particular the blast furnace for producing steel), deep drilling (for mining), an early version of the seismograph, the hydraulic pump, and other technologies that people today take for granted. Concurrently, Chinese character writing was codified during this time, giving us the Han characters (漢字/汉字) that the world would recognize until the present day. The first attempt to record Chinese history from the era of the legendary 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors to the then present-day was undertaken by Sima Tan (司馬談/司马谈), but it was his son Sima Qian (司馬遷/司马迁) who completed the task. The resulting work, ''Shǐjì'' ("Records of the Grand Historian"), was regarded as a literary and historical masterpiece (regarded as the pinnacle of the "24 Histories"), and Sima Qian himself became known as ''the'' Grand Historian [[note]]Unfortunately, his records contradicted with the government's official narrative of a particular affair, and was castrated by Emperor Wu as punishment. This did not deter him from producing additional writings, and Emperor Wu actually promoted him to the position of Court Archivist[[/note]].
Noteworthy emperors during this era are Emperors Wen and Jing--father and son ushered in what was arguably imperial China's first golden age, the "Reign of Wen and Jing" (文景之治, ''Wén Jǐng zhī Zhì'') and Emperor Wu (Jing's son, who sent men to explore the Silk Road and warred with the Xiongnu).[[note]]Emperor Wu's 54 years on the throne was a record which stood for more than 1700 years until Emperor Kangxi during the Qing Dynasty.[[/note]] Emperor Wu's long reign on the throne also allowed him to wage war against the Xiongnu (pronounced Hunnu at the time) for almost as long as he reigned. Under the leadership of generals such as Wei Qing & Huo Qu Bing, these nomadic peoples were eventually displaced and forced westward, and it is alleged that their descendants mingled with other peoples of central/west Asia, where they eventually reappeared as a new nomadic confederation known to Europe as the [[UsefulNotes/AttilaTheHun Huns]]. By defeating the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu was able to expand China all the way to the Tarim Basin and opened China to trade with the rest of the world. This became the origins of the [[UsefulNotes/TheSilkRoad Silk-Road]], a route that future Chinese dynasties would protect with extreme jealousy.
The Han Empire coexisted with the Roman, Parthian (Persian), and Mauryan (north Indian) Empires and together these four countries ruled over more than 70% of the entire world's population. There was much trade contact between the four, both directly and via intermediaries--the Romans had to pass laws restricting the silk trade because Rome's gold reserves were being emptied by its ravenous demand for Chinese silk. The Han Chinese for their part did rather like Roman glassware, particularly glass beads (sophisticated glass-making was as unknown in China as silk was in Rome), but never enough to seriously affect monetary policy. There is some debate about whether Roman and Chinese soldiers ever met in combat--there have been claims that the Persians captured some Roman soldiers, then moved them to their other frontier and paid them to fight for them, where they then fought Han troops in the area of modern Afghanistan. For their part, Han's numerous expeditions into Parthia would allow the Han Chinese to learn about their Roman counterpart in the West, although most of the information regarding Rome was based off what the Chinese learned from Syria. The Han Chinese nonetheless correctly understood that the Roman Republic did not have a permanent king and power was shared (referring to the senate). Furthermore, the Romans were seen as something of a western version of China [[note]]Rome was already the premier power in the Italian Peninsula when [[UsefulNotes/AlexanderTheGreat Alexander of Macedon]] conquered the Achaemenid Empire, and they held the whole Western Mediterranean plus Greece and Asia Minor by the time the Parthians had knocked out the Seleucids; as for the Mauryans, they were the first pan-Indian empire in history, and existed basically only because Alexander had come knocking[[/note]], and their realm was termed as ''Dàqín'' (大秦, "Great Qin"; the Qin and the Roman Republic had also been contemporaries) and this name stuck.
Noteworthy emperors during this era are Emperors Wen and Jing--father and son ushered in what was arguably imperial China's first golden age, the "Reign of Wen and Jing" (文景之治, ''Wén Jǐng zhī Zhì'') and Emperor Wu (Jing's son, who sent men to explore the Silk Road and warred with the Xiongnu).[[note]]Emperor Wu's 54 years on the throne was a record which stood for more than 1700 years until Emperor Kangxi during the Qing Dynasty.[[/note]] Emperor Wu's long reign on the throne also allowed him to wage war against the Xiongnu (pronounced Hunnu at the time) for almost as long as he reigned. Under the leadership of generals such as Wei Qing & Huo Qu Bing, these nomadic peoples were eventually displaced and forced westward, and it is alleged that their descendants mingled with other peoples of central/west Asia, where they eventually reappeared as a new nomadic confederation known to Europe as the [[UsefulNotes/AttilaTheHun Huns]]. By defeating the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu was able to expand China all the way to the Tarim Basin and opened China to trade with the rest of the world. This became the origins of the [[UsefulNotes/TheSilkRoad Silk-Road]], a route that future Chinese dynasties would protect with extreme jealousy.
The Han Empire coexisted with the Roman, Parthian (Persian), and Mauryan (north Indian) Empires and together these four countries ruled over more than 70% of the entire world's population. There was much trade contact between the four, both directly and via intermediaries--the Romans had to pass laws restricting the silk trade because Rome's gold reserves were being emptied by its ravenous demand for Chinese silk. The Han Chinese for their part did rather like Roman glassware, particularly glass beads (sophisticated glass-making was as unknown in China as silk was in Rome), but never enough to seriously affect monetary policy. There is some debate about whether Roman and Chinese soldiers ever met in combat--there have been claims that the Persians captured some Roman soldiers, then moved them to their other frontier and paid them to fight for them, where they then fought Han troops in the area of modern Afghanistan. For their part, Han's numerous expeditions into Parthia would allow the Han Chinese to learn about their Roman counterpart in the West, although most of the information regarding Rome was based off what the Chinese learned from Syria. The Han Chinese nonetheless correctly understood that the Roman Republic did not have a permanent king and power was shared (referring to the senate). Furthermore, the Romans were seen as something of a western version of China [[note]]Rome was already the premier power in the Italian Peninsula when [[UsefulNotes/AlexanderTheGreat Alexander of Macedon]] conquered the Achaemenid Empire, and they held the whole Western Mediterranean plus Greece and Asia Minor by the time the Parthians had knocked out the Seleucids; as for the Mauryans, they were the first pan-Indian empire in history, and existed basically only because Alexander had come knocking[[/note]], and their realm was termed as ''Dàqín'' (大秦, "Great Qin"; the Qin and the Roman Republic had also been contemporaries) and this name stuck.
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Confucianism became solidly entrenched as the official government philosophy (during Emperor Wu's reign),[[note]]Liu reign)[[note]]Liu Bang did not have a coherent state ideology during his reign, although he did adapt Qin rites to suit the Han imperial court under the advice of Shusun Tong (叔孫通/叔孙通), a Confucian. His wife, his son Emperor Wen, and grandson Emperor Jing followed an early form of Taoism. The first few years of Emperor Wu's reign saw the continuation of this form of Taoism, until the death of Wu's grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Dou.[[/note]] Dou[[/note]], but Legalism remained at large, especially policies in regards to crime and punishment. This was also the time when many Chinese inventions came forward: paper (a must for bureaucrats), advances in metallurgy (in particular the blast furnace for producing steel), deep drilling (for mining), an early version of the seismograph, the hydraulic pump, and other technologies that people today take for granted. Concurrently, Chinese character writing was codified during this time, giving us the Han characters (漢字/汉字) that the world would recognize until the present day. The first attempt to record Chinese history from the era of the legendary 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors to the then present-day was undertaken by Sima Tan (司馬談/司马谈), but it was his son Sima Qian (司馬遷/司马迁) who completed the task. The resulting work, ''Shǐjì'' ("Records of the Grand Historian"), was regarded as a literary and historical masterpiece (regarded as the pinnacle of the "24 Histories"), and Sima Qian himself became known as ''the'' Grand Historian Historian.[[note]]Unfortunately, his records contradicted with the government's official narrative of a particular affair, and was castrated by Emperor Wu as punishment. This did not deter him from producing additional writings, and Emperor Wu actually promoted him to the position of Court Archivist[[/note]].
Archivist.[[/note]]
Noteworthy emperors during this era are Emperors Wen and Jing--father and son ushered in what was arguably imperial China's first golden age, the "Reign of Wen and Jing" (文景之治, ''Wén Jǐng zhī Zhì'') and Emperor Wu (Jing's son, who sent men to explore the Silk Road and warred with the Xiongnu).[[note]]Emperor Wu's 54 years on the throne was a record which stood for more than 1700 years until Emperor Kangxi during the Qing Dynasty.[[/note]] Emperor Wu's long reign on the throne also allowed him to wage war against the Xiongnu (pronounced Hunnu at the time) for almost as long as he reigned. Under the leadership of generals such as Wei Qing & Huo Qu Bing, these nomadic peoples were eventually displaced and forced westward, and it is alleged that their descendants mingled with other peoples of central/west Asia, where they eventually reappeared as a new nomadic confederation known to Europe as the [[UsefulNotes/AttilaTheHun Huns]]. By defeating the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu was able to expand China all the way to the Tarim Basin and opened China to trade with the rest of the world. This became the origins ofthe [[UsefulNotes/TheSilkRoad Silk-Road]], UsefulNotes/TheSilkRoad, a route that future Chinese dynasties would protect with extreme jealousy.
The Han Empire coexisted with the Roman, Parthian (Persian), and Mauryan (north Indian) Empires and together these four countries ruled over more than 70% of the entire world's population. There was much trade contact between the four, both directly and via intermediaries--the Romans had to pass laws restricting the silk trade because Rome's gold reserves were being emptied by its ravenous demand for Chinese silk. The Han Chinese for their part did rather like Roman glassware, particularly glass beads (sophisticated glass-making was as unknown in China as silk was in Rome), but never enough to seriously affect monetary policy. There is some debate about whether Roman and Chinese soldiers ever met in combat--there have been claims that the Persians captured some Roman soldiers, then moved them to their other frontier and paid them to fight for them, where they then fought Han troops in the area of modern Afghanistan. For their part, Han's numerous expeditions into Parthia would allow the Han Chinese to learn about their Roman counterpart in the West, although most of the information regarding Rome was based off what the Chinese learned from Syria. The Han Chinese nonetheless correctly understood that the Roman Republic did not have a permanent king and power was shared (referring to the senate). Furthermore, the Romans were seen as something of a western version ofChina [[note]]Rome China[[note]]Rome was already the premier power in the Italian Peninsula when [[UsefulNotes/AlexanderTheGreat Alexander of Macedon]] conquered the Achaemenid Empire, and they held the whole Western Mediterranean plus Greece and Asia Minor by the time the Parthians had knocked out the Seleucids; as for the Mauryans, they were the first pan-Indian empire in history, and existed basically only because Alexander had come knocking[[/note]], and their realm was termed as ''Dàqín'' (大秦, "Great Qin"; the Qin and the Roman Republic had also been contemporaries) and this name stuck.
Noteworthy emperors during this era are Emperors Wen and Jing--father and son ushered in what was arguably imperial China's first golden age, the "Reign of Wen and Jing" (文景之治, ''Wén Jǐng zhī Zhì'') and Emperor Wu (Jing's son, who sent men to explore the Silk Road and warred with the Xiongnu).[[note]]Emperor Wu's 54 years on the throne was a record which stood for more than 1700 years until Emperor Kangxi during the Qing Dynasty.[[/note]] Emperor Wu's long reign on the throne also allowed him to wage war against the Xiongnu (pronounced Hunnu at the time) for almost as long as he reigned. Under the leadership of generals such as Wei Qing & Huo Qu Bing, these nomadic peoples were eventually displaced and forced westward, and it is alleged that their descendants mingled with other peoples of central/west Asia, where they eventually reappeared as a new nomadic confederation known to Europe as the [[UsefulNotes/AttilaTheHun Huns]]. By defeating the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu was able to expand China all the way to the Tarim Basin and opened China to trade with the rest of the world. This became the origins of
The Han Empire coexisted with the Roman, Parthian (Persian), and Mauryan (north Indian) Empires and together these four countries ruled over more than 70% of the entire world's population. There was much trade contact between the four, both directly and via intermediaries--the Romans had to pass laws restricting the silk trade because Rome's gold reserves were being emptied by its ravenous demand for Chinese silk. The Han Chinese for their part did rather like Roman glassware, particularly glass beads (sophisticated glass-making was as unknown in China as silk was in Rome), but never enough to seriously affect monetary policy. There is some debate about whether Roman and Chinese soldiers ever met in combat--there have been claims that the Persians captured some Roman soldiers, then moved them to their other frontier and paid them to fight for them, where they then fought Han troops in the area of modern Afghanistan. For their part, Han's numerous expeditions into Parthia would allow the Han Chinese to learn about their Roman counterpart in the West, although most of the information regarding Rome was based off what the Chinese learned from Syria. The Han Chinese nonetheless correctly understood that the Roman Republic did not have a permanent king and power was shared (referring to the senate). Furthermore, the Romans were seen as something of a western version of
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Wang Mang would upsurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between family compositions. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. Moreover, his reforms sought to rekindle the good ol' days of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). All these combined with his penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] only made the situation worse. Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
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Wang Mang would upsurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between family compositions. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. Moreover, his reforms sought to rekindle the [[NostalgiaFilter good ol' days days]] of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). All these combined with his penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] only made the situation worse. Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
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Changed line(s) 120 (click to see context) from:
Wang Mang would upsurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. Moreover, it does not help his reforms sought to rekindle the good ol' days of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between family compositions. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. His penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] didn't help. Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
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Wang Mang would upsurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. Moreover, it does not help his reforms sought to rekindle the good ol' days of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between family compositions. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. His Moreover, his reforms sought to rekindle the good ol' days of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). All these combined with his penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] didn't help.only made the situation worse. Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
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Changed line(s) 120 (click to see context) from:
Wang Mang would upsurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. Moreover, it does not help his reforms sought to rekindle the good ol' days of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between various family composition. Thus families starved due to the lack of arable land. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. His penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] didn't help. Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
to:
Wang Mang would upsurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. Moreover, it does not help his reforms sought to rekindle the good ol' days of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between various family composition. Thus families starved due to the lack of arable land.compositions. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. His penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] didn't help. Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
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Wang Mang was a well-read and educated. Prior to becoming Emperor, he had a reputation of being polite and generous. Wang Mang was known to have distributed his own wealth to the poor & needy while remained frugal in regards to his own affairs.
Usurped the throne from the Han and enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. Moreover, it does not help his reforms sought to rekindle the good ol' days of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between various family composition. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] didn't help. Ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
Usurped the throne from the Han and enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. Moreover, it does not help his reforms sought to rekindle the good ol' days of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between various family composition. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] didn't help. Ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
to:
Wang Mang was a well-read and educated. Prior to becoming Emperor, he had a reputation of for being polite and generous. Wang Mang was known to have distributed his own wealth to the poor & needy while remained frugal in regards to his own affairs. \n\nUsurped Though his tenure as Emperor received no such praise. \\
Wang Mang would upsurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. Moreover, it does not help his reforms sought to rekindle the good ol' days of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between various family composition. Thus families starved due to the lack of arable land. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. His penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] didn't help.Ended Wang Mang's rule ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
Wang Mang would upsurp the throne from the Han in approximately 9 AD, and immediately enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. Moreover, it does not help his reforms sought to rekindle the good ol' days of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between various family composition. Thus families starved due to the lack of arable land. In addition, Wang Mang's frequent economic reforms disrupted trade, causing inflation and market uncertainty. His penchant for harsh punishments against those who disagreed also helped little in his cause. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] didn't help.
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Changed line(s) 118 (click to see context) from:
Usurped the throne from the Han and enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. The upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] didn't help. Ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
to:
Wang Mang was a well-read and educated. Prior to becoming Emperor, he had a reputation of being polite and generous. Wang Mang was known to have distributed his own wealth to the poor & needy while remained frugal in regards to his own affairs.
Usurped the throne from the Han and enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. Moreover, it does not help his reforms sought to rekindle the good ol' days of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between various family composition. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] didn't help. Ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
Usurped the throne from the Han and enacted radical reforms which prove UsefulNotes/{{socialism}} is OlderThanFeudalism: land redistribution, income tax, state monopoly of key commodities. He was also the first ruler anywhere on Earth who's recorded to have abolished slavery. Though his rule was often criticized by later historians for being extremely idealistic while taking little account of present realities and lacking actual practicality. Moreover, it does not help his reforms sought to rekindle the good ol' days of the UsefulNotes/ZhouDynasty including its rites, culture and governance (which led to the Warring States in the first place). For example, Wang Mang's land reforms stressed on equality, but did not take into account population growth and/or differences between various family composition. The lower & upper class turned against him in no time, and his arrogance towards [[BarbarianTribe northern]] [[BornInTheSaddle nomads]] didn't help. Ended in utter failure and [[BackFromTheBrink the restoration of the Han]], he became the [[AnAesop stock figure for usurpers and the fate that befalls them]].
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Confucianism became solidly entrenched as the official government philosophy (during Emperor Wu's reign),[[note]]Liu Bang did not have a coherent state ideology during his reign, although he did adapt Qin rites to suit the Han imperial court under the advice of Shusun Tong (叔孫通/叔孙通), a Confucian. His wife, his son Emperor Wen, and grandson Emperor Jing followed an early form of Taoism. The first few years of Emperor Wu's reign saw the continuation of this form of Taoism, until the death of Wu's grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Dou.[[/note]] but Legalism remained at large, especially policies in regards to crime and punishment. This was also the time when many Chinese inventions came forward: paper (a must for bureaucrats), advances in metallurgy (in particular the blast furnace for producing steel), deep drilling (for mining), an early version of the seismograph, the hydraulic pump, and other technologies that people today take for granted. Concurrently, Chinese character writing was codified during this time, giving us the Han characters (漢字/汉字) that the world would recognize until the present day. The first attempt to record Chinese history from the era of the legendary 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors to the then present-day was undertaken by Sima Tan (司馬談/司马谈), but it was his son Sima Qian (司馬遷/司马迁) who completed the task. The resulting work, ''Shǐjì'' ("Records of the Grand Historian"), was regarded as a literary and historical masterpiece (regarded as the pinnacle of the "24 Histories"), and Sima Qian himself became known as ''the'' Grand Historian [[note]]Unfortunately, his records contradicted with the government's official narrative of a particular affair, and was castrated by Emperor Wu as punishment. This did not deter him from producing additional writings, and Emperor Wu reinstituted him to his original post as Government Archivist.[[/note]]
to:
Confucianism became solidly entrenched as the official government philosophy (during Emperor Wu's reign),[[note]]Liu Bang did not have a coherent state ideology during his reign, although he did adapt Qin rites to suit the Han imperial court under the advice of Shusun Tong (叔孫通/叔孙通), a Confucian. His wife, his son Emperor Wen, and grandson Emperor Jing followed an early form of Taoism. The first few years of Emperor Wu's reign saw the continuation of this form of Taoism, until the death of Wu's grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Dou.[[/note]] but Legalism remained at large, especially policies in regards to crime and punishment. This was also the time when many Chinese inventions came forward: paper (a must for bureaucrats), advances in metallurgy (in particular the blast furnace for producing steel), deep drilling (for mining), an early version of the seismograph, the hydraulic pump, and other technologies that people today take for granted. Concurrently, Chinese character writing was codified during this time, giving us the Han characters (漢字/汉字) that the world would recognize until the present day. The first attempt to record Chinese history from the era of the legendary 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors to the then present-day was undertaken by Sima Tan (司馬談/司马谈), but it was his son Sima Qian (司馬遷/司马迁) who completed the task. The resulting work, ''Shǐjì'' ("Records of the Grand Historian"), was regarded as a literary and historical masterpiece (regarded as the pinnacle of the "24 Histories"), and Sima Qian himself became known as ''the'' Grand Historian [[note]]Unfortunately, his records contradicted with the government's official narrative of a particular affair, and was castrated by Emperor Wu as punishment. This did not deter him from producing additional writings, and Emperor Wu reinstituted actually promoted him to his original post as Government Archivist.[[/note]]
the position of Court Archivist[[/note]].
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Changed line(s) 10,11 (click to see context) from:
Confucianism became solidly entrenched as the official government philosophy (during Emperor Wu's reign),[[note]]Liu Bang did not have a coherent state ideology during his reign, although he did adapt Qin rites to suit the Han imperial court under the advice of Shusun Tong (叔孫通/叔孙通), a Confucian. His wife, his son Emperor Wen, and grandson Emperor Jing followed an early form of Taoism. The first few years of Emperor Wu's reign saw the continuation of this form of Taoism, until the death of Wu's grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Dou.[[/note]] but Legalism remained at large, especially policies in regards to crime and punishment. This was also the time when many Chinese inventions came forward: paper (a must for bureaucrats), advances in metallurgy (in particular the blast furnace for producing steel), deep drilling (for mining), an early version of the seismograph, the hydraulic pump, and other technologies that people today take for granted. Concurrently, Chinese character writing was codified during this time, giving us the Han characters (漢字/汉字) that the world would recognize until the present day. The first attempt to record Chinese history from the era of the legendary 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors to the then present-day was undertaken by Sima Tan (司馬談/司马谈), but it was his son Sima Qian (司馬遷/司马迁) who completed the task. The resulting work, ''Shǐjì'' ("Records of the Grand Historian"), was regarded as a literary and historical masterpiece (regarded as the pinnacle of the "24 Histories"), and Sima Qian himself became known as ''the'' Grand Historian.
to:
Confucianism became solidly entrenched as the official government philosophy (during Emperor Wu's reign),[[note]]Liu Bang did not have a coherent state ideology during his reign, although he did adapt Qin rites to suit the Han imperial court under the advice of Shusun Tong (叔孫通/叔孙通), a Confucian. His wife, his son Emperor Wen, and grandson Emperor Jing followed an early form of Taoism. The first few years of Emperor Wu's reign saw the continuation of this form of Taoism, until the death of Wu's grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Dou.[[/note]] but Legalism remained at large, especially policies in regards to crime and punishment. This was also the time when many Chinese inventions came forward: paper (a must for bureaucrats), advances in metallurgy (in particular the blast furnace for producing steel), deep drilling (for mining), an early version of the seismograph, the hydraulic pump, and other technologies that people today take for granted. Concurrently, Chinese character writing was codified during this time, giving us the Han characters (漢字/汉字) that the world would recognize until the present day. The first attempt to record Chinese history from the era of the legendary 3 Sovereigns and 5 Emperors to the then present-day was undertaken by Sima Tan (司馬談/司马谈), but it was his son Sima Qian (司馬遷/司马迁) who completed the task. The resulting work, ''Shǐjì'' ("Records of the Grand Historian"), was regarded as a literary and historical masterpiece (regarded as the pinnacle of the "24 Histories"), and Sima Qian himself became known as ''the'' Grand Historian.
Historian [[note]]Unfortunately, his records contradicted with the government's official narrative of a particular affair, and was castrated by Emperor Wu as punishment. This did not deter him from producing additional writings, and Emperor Wu reinstituted him to his original post as Government Archivist.[[/note]]
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[[caption-width-right:350:明犯强漢者，雖遠必誅 "No matter the distance, those who dare violate the Great Han will be annihilated", in a report from General Chen Tang to Emperor Yuan of Han, after the former defeated the Xiongnu and their allies in central/west Asia, then proceeded to parade their decapitated heads in major towns & cities in the region.]]
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[[caption-width-right:350:明犯强漢者，雖遠必誅 "No No matter the distance, those who dare violate the Great Han will be annihilated", in a report from General Chen Tang to Emperor Yuan of Han, after the former defeated the Xiongnu and their allies in central/west Asia, then proceeded to parade their decapitated heads in major towns & cities in the region.]]
annihilated]]
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[[caption-width-right:350:明犯强漢者，雖遠必誅 No matter the distance, those who dare violate the Great Han will be annihilated]]
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[[caption-width-right:350:明犯强漢者，雖遠必誅 No "No matter the distance, those who dare violate the Great Han will be annihilated]]
annihilated", in a report from General Chen Tang to Emperor Yuan of Han, after the former defeated the Xiongnu and their allies in central/west Asia, then proceeded to parade their decapitated heads in major towns & cities in the region.]]
