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* DidntSeeThatComing: When the Mule appears, the Foundation discovers that the Seldon Plan didn't account for individuals with such PsychicPowers, and he easily conquers them. Subverted, however, in that the Foundationists themselves never imagined that Seldon secretly created ''another'' Foundation as a contingency for unexpected variables in the plan, and this Second Foundation indeed proceeds to defeat the Mule.
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* ItIsBeyondSaving: By the time Hari Seldon created the science of psychohistory, it was too late to save the Galactic Empire - at that point it was so decadent that its fall was inevitable. All he could do was to try to arrange conditions so a new galaxy-wide Empire would reign in 1,000 years instead of taking 30,000 years.
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* ItIsBeyondSaving: By the time Hari Seldon created the science of psychohistory, it was realistically too late to save the Galactic Empire - at that point it was so decadent that its fall was inevitable. All he could do was to try to arrange conditions so a new galaxy-wide Empire would reign in 1,000 years instead of taking 30,000 years. When asked directly, he said the empire ''could'' enact policies that would save it, but that it would never actually do so because the empire ''seemed'' fine, so there was no driving force to push them to do so.
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* TheyCalledMeMad: Hari Seldon actually ends up more or less deliberately leaning into this. When he first announces the possibility of psychohistory it's not taken very seriously by almost anyone. When work on it progresses to the point where he can start making barebones predictions, one of the first he ends up coming up with is that the empire is doomed to collapse. Announcing this discovery is met with outright hostility as it sounds treasonous until he admits that the empire won't fall for a thousand years. At this point, the investigators just smile and nod and [[ReassignedToAntarctica send him off to the edge of the galaxy]] where he can set up this crazy "Foundation" he cares so much about. He's relieved about this: Being dismissed as crazy and effectively exiled means he won't be executed for rebellion.
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* FutureSocietyPresentValues : The scope of this series is epic, but ''Literature/TheFoundationTrilogy'' uses gender roles practically identical to 1950s United States. When Dr Asimov revisited the series decades later, he included women more prominently, especially in the form of Mayor Harla Branno, his first female mayor. She is an IronLady ruler for Terminus and the Foundation, introduced in ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'' (1982) and wants to conquer the galaxy centuries earlier than the [[ThePlan Seldon Plan]] expects. However, Dr Asimov is clearly more comfortable writing male characters, despite continuing to add [[ActionGirl badass females]] like Dors Venabili and Bliss.
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* FutureSocietyPresentValues : FutureSocietyPresentValues: The scope of this series is epic, but ''Literature/TheFoundationTrilogy'' uses gender roles practically identical to 1950s United States. When Dr Asimov revisited the series decades later, he included women more prominently, especially in the form of Mayor Harla Branno, his first female mayor. She is an IronLady ruler for Terminus and the Foundation, introduced in ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'' (1982) and wants to conquer the galaxy centuries earlier than the [[ThePlan Seldon Plan]] expects. However, Dr Asimov is clearly more comfortable writing male characters, despite continuing to add [[ActionGirl badass females]] like Dors Venabili and Bliss.
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removing sinkhole
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* EncyclopediaExposita: Terminus is founded based on the premise that they will be collecting all of history and science into a single reference volume, an ''Encyclopedia Galactica''. Said volume is used to illustrate certain setting details relevant to the story/chapter it prefaces as an {{Epigraph}}. More specifically, the 116th edition, published in [[AlternativeCalendar 1020 F.E.]] In "Literature/TheEncyclopedists", the colonists learn that Hari Seldon had tricked them, and that he never expected any volumes to be published. Despite this, they continue to collate information and publish revisions as InUniverse ScienceMarchesOn and TechnologyMarchesOn. In ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'', Golan Trevize mentions the ''Encyclopedia Galactica'' is now [[TheWikiRule a continually updated computer archive]] (an idea predating the establishment of ''Website/{{Wikipedia}}'', ''Microsoft Encarta'' or ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online'').
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* EncyclopediaExposita: Terminus is founded based on the premise that they will be collecting all of history and science into a single reference volume, an ''Encyclopedia Galactica''. Said volume is used to illustrate certain setting details relevant to the story/chapter it prefaces as an {{Epigraph}}. More specifically, the 116th edition, published in [[AlternativeCalendar 1020 F.E.]] In "Literature/TheEncyclopedists", the colonists learn that Hari Seldon had tricked them, and that he never expected any volumes to be published. Despite this, they continue to collate information and publish revisions as InUniverse ScienceMarchesOn and TechnologyMarchesOn. In ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'', Golan Trevize mentions the ''Encyclopedia Galactica'' is now [[TheWikiRule a continually updated computer archive]] archive (an idea predating the establishment of ''Website/{{Wikipedia}}'', ''Microsoft Encarta'' or ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online'').
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Added the final logical weakness of psychohistory, since that's a key plot point of Foundation and Earth.
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* LogicalWeakness: Psychohistory has two of these. [[spoiler: Which is part of why the Second Foundation exists in the first place, to cover for the fact that Seldon couldn't plan for everything.]]
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* LogicalWeakness: Psychohistory has two three of these. [[spoiler: Which is part of why the Second Foundation exists in the first place, to cover for the fact that Seldon couldn't plan for everything.everything--but even its contribution has limits.]]
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** Psychohistorians compare their theory to principles like the kinetic molecular theory of gases. This reveals the third and final weakness: its equations are built assuming ''human'' actors. It would fail against truly alien species. [[spoiler: Or, as demonstrated in ''Literature/FoundationAndEarth'', sufficiently altered humans: the Solarians, who have radically altered their bodies, minds, and social behaviors.]]
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* CanonWelding: Ultimately, Dr Asimov merged three (at least) different continuities; the ''Literature/RobotStories'' (specifically ''Literature/IRobot'' and the ''Literature/TheCavesOfSteel'' sequels), ''Literature/TheEmpireNovels'', and the ''Literature/{{Foundation|Series}}'' series itself.
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* CanonWelding: Ultimately, Dr Asimov merged three (at least) different continuities; the ''Literature/RobotStories'' ''Literature/RobotSeries'' (specifically ''Literature/IRobot'' and the ''Literature/TheCavesOfSteel'' sequels), ''Literature/TheEmpireNovels'', and the ''Literature/{{Foundation|Series}}'' series itself.
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* WeWillAllFlyInTheFuture: In the opening chapters of ''Foundation'' when Gaal Dornick catches a taxi it immediately lifts "straight up". (Gaal marvels a bit at "the sensation of airflight within an enclosed structure"--this is all happening ''within'' the enormous world-city that is Trantor.) Centuries later, in ''Second Foundation'', Arcadia Darell rides an "air-taxi" on Kalgan.
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* VestigialEmpire: When the planet Terminus is colonized, Trantor is the undisputed master of the galaxy. However, Hari Seldon has developed Psychohistory, [[PrescienceByAnalysis a system of probabilistic mathematical models that can predict group behaviour]]. Using this math, he's able to determine that corruption and planetary nationalism have passed the point where this empire can be saved. During "Literature/ThePsychohistorians", Trantor is at its peak power… and has begun to lose control over the Periphery by the very next chapter. It grows weaker and weaker, even [[TheRemnant losing their capital planet]] by the time of "Literature/TheMule".
* WeWillSpendCreditsInTheFuture: The Imperial credit, found early in the ''Foundation'' timeline, was usable throughout the Galactic Empire, as well as Foundation credits later in the series. Characters use these credits as a standard currency (technically it's lenticular, not global - it's used across the [[GlobalCurrency entire galaxy]], although during "Literature/SearchByTheFoundation" there's several competing currencies, including "dollars"). At one point, the Imperial Credit (used by the first Galactic Empire) is contrasted against the Foundation Credit (used by the second Galactic Empire), because the [[VestigialEmpire first Empire is falling apart]] and the [[RisingEmpire second Empire is expanding]] in their wake.
* WeWillSpendCreditsInTheFuture: The Imperial credit, found early in the ''Foundation'' timeline, was usable throughout the Galactic Empire, as well as Foundation credits later in the series. Characters use these credits as a standard currency (technically it's lenticular, not global - it's used across the [[GlobalCurrency entire galaxy]], although during "Literature/SearchByTheFoundation" there's several competing currencies, including "dollars"). At one point, the Imperial Credit (used by the first Galactic Empire) is contrasted against the Foundation Credit (used by the second Galactic Empire), because the [[VestigialEmpire first Empire is falling apart]] and the [[RisingEmpire second Empire is expanding]] in their wake.
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* VestigialEmpire: When the planet Terminus is colonized, Trantor is the undisputed master of the galaxy. However, Hari Seldon has developed Psychohistory, [[PrescienceByAnalysis a system of probabilistic mathematical models that can predict group behaviour]]. Using this math, he's able to determine that corruption and planetary nationalism have passed the point where this empire can be saved. During "Literature/ThePsychohistorians", Trantor is at its peak power… power... and has begun to lose control over the Periphery by the very next chapter. It grows weaker and weaker, even [[TheRemnant losing their capital planet]] by the time of "Literature/TheMule".
* TheWarlord: After the Empire's fall, the galaxy splits into fiefdoms controlled by various warlords. Within a century most of the warlord states have settled down and their "kings" have established proper dynasties, which the Foundation manipulates into forming the nucleus of a new Empire using a ScamReligion.
* WeWillSpendCreditsInTheFuture: The Imperial credit, found early in the ''Foundation'' timeline, was usable throughout the Galactic Empire, as well as Foundation credits later in the series. Characters use these credits as a standard currency (technically it's lenticular, not global- -- it's used across the [[GlobalCurrency entire galaxy]], although during "Literature/SearchByTheFoundation" there's several competing currencies, including "dollars"). At one point, the Imperial Credit (used by the first Galactic Empire) is contrasted against the Foundation Credit (used by the second Galactic Empire), because the [[VestigialEmpire first Empire is falling apart]] and the [[RisingEmpire second Empire is expanding]] in their wake.
* TheWarlord: After the Empire's fall, the galaxy splits into fiefdoms controlled by various warlords. Within a century most of the warlord states have settled down and their "kings" have established proper dynasties, which the Foundation manipulates into forming the nucleus of a new Empire using a ScamReligion.
* WeWillSpendCreditsInTheFuture: The Imperial credit, found early in the ''Foundation'' timeline, was usable throughout the Galactic Empire, as well as Foundation credits later in the series. Characters use these credits as a standard currency (technically it's lenticular, not global
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* EncyclopediaExposita: Terminus is founded based on the premise that they will be collecting all of history and science into a single reference volume, an ''Encyclopedia Galactica''. Said volume is used to illustrate certain setting details relevant to the story/chapter it prefaces as an {{Epigraph}}. More specifically, the 116th edition, published in [[AlternativeCalendar 1020 F.E.]] In "Literature/TheEncyclopedists", the colonists learn that Hari Seldon had tricked them, and that he never expected any volumes to be published. Despite this, they continue to collate information and publish revisions as InUniverse ScienceMarchesOn and TechnologyMarchesOn. In ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'', Golan Trevize mentions the ''Encyclopedia Galactica'' is now [[TheWikiRule a continually updated computer archive]] (an idea predating the establishment of ''Wiki/{{Wikipedia}}'', ''Microsoft Encarta'' or ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online'').
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* EncyclopediaExposita: Terminus is founded based on the premise that they will be collecting all of history and science into a single reference volume, an ''Encyclopedia Galactica''. Said volume is used to illustrate certain setting details relevant to the story/chapter it prefaces as an {{Epigraph}}. More specifically, the 116th edition, published in [[AlternativeCalendar 1020 F.E.]] In "Literature/TheEncyclopedists", the colonists learn that Hari Seldon had tricked them, and that he never expected any volumes to be published. Despite this, they continue to collate information and publish revisions as InUniverse ScienceMarchesOn and TechnologyMarchesOn. In ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'', Golan Trevize mentions the ''Encyclopedia Galactica'' is now [[TheWikiRule a continually updated computer archive]] (an idea predating the establishment of ''Wiki/{{Wikipedia}}'', ''Website/{{Wikipedia}}'', ''Microsoft Encarta'' or ''Encyclopedia Britannica Online'').
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* CrypticBackgroundReference: The Fifth Seldon Crisis [[ConflictKiller gets disrupted by the Mule]] during the events of "Literature/TheMule", while the Sixth and Seventh Seldon Crisis are never mentioned in Dr Asimov's works. ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'' opens during the successful resolution of the ''Eight'' Crisis (with [[PosthumousCharacter Hari Seldon]] appearing during FoundingDay to announce [[AllAccordingToPlan exactly why they made the right decision]]), making it clear that all three happened, but no detail about their nature or resolution is given.
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* CrypticBackgroundReference: The Fifth Seldon Crisis [[ConflictKiller gets disrupted by the Mule]] during the events of "Literature/TheMule", while the Sixth and Seventh Seldon Crisis are never mentioned in Dr Asimov's works. ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'' opens during the successful resolution of the ''Eight'' Crisis (with [[PosthumousCharacter Hari Seldon]] appearing during FoundingDay to announce [[AllAccordingToPlan exactly why they made the right decision]]), making it clear that all three happened, but no only the Eight have any detail about their its nature or resolution is given.given (it was a political dispute over whether the capital should be moved off Terminus and closer to the galactic core, and ended with "no").
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* CrypticBackgroundReference: The Fifth Seldon Crisis [[ConflictKiller gets disrupted by the Mule]] during the events of "Literature/TheMule", while the Sixth and Seventh Seldon Crisis are never mentioned in Dr Asimov's works. ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'' opens during the successful resolution of the ''Eighth'' Crisis (with [[PosthumousCharacter Hari Seldon]] appearing during FoundingDay to announce [[AllAccordingToPlan exactly why they made the right decision]]), making it clear that all three happened, but no detail about their nature or resolution is given.
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* CrypticBackgroundReference: The Fifth Seldon Crisis [[ConflictKiller gets disrupted by the Mule]] during the events of "Literature/TheMule", while the Sixth and Seventh Seldon Crisis are never mentioned in Dr Asimov's works. ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'' opens during the successful resolution of the ''Eighth'' ''Eight'' Crisis (with [[PosthumousCharacter Hari Seldon]] appearing during FoundingDay to announce [[AllAccordingToPlan exactly why they made the right decision]]), making it clear that all three happened, but no detail about their nature or resolution is given.
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* TheExactCenterOfEverything: In the original trilogy Trantor is simply at "the center of the Galaxy". In the later stories of the series this was Retconned a bit to say that Trantor is somewhat off to the side from the actual center—as close to the center as a human-habitable planet can be—as it was realized just how violent and inhospitable a place the center of a galaxy actually is.
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* SpaceSector: A sector is a spatial region that is one level of the elaborate administrative hierarchy of the Galactic Empire, including "prefects" (oddly enough not ''prefectures''), provinces, sectors, and quadrants, with sectors ("the Arcturus Sector", "the Normannic Sector", "the Sirius Sector") being probably the most often mentioned of these. (Later in the series the term "sector" is also used for local sub-planetary subdivisions of Trantor.)
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Animals are sentient.
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* AbsentAliens: Humanity is the only sentient species in the galaxy, unless you count [[spoiler:robots, Gaians, or Solarians]]. It's explicit (in ''Literature/TheSecondFoundationTrilogy'') that every other sentient species in the galaxy had been killed off before they encountered humans. It's implied (in ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'') that the current timeline was selected because the galaxy is absent of sapient alien species. These two facts are not exactly contradictions, because timeline manipulation would allow for a reality where aliens had been killed off before humans encountered them. However, it's a plot point in ''Literature/FoundationAndEarth'' that absent from the galaxy is not absent from the universe.
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* AbsentAliens: Humanity is the only sentient intelligent species in the galaxy, unless you count [[spoiler:robots, Gaians, or Solarians]]. It's explicit (in ''Literature/TheSecondFoundationTrilogy'') that every other sentient intelligent species in the galaxy had been killed off before they encountered humans. It's implied (in ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'') that the current timeline was selected because the galaxy is absent of sapient alien species. These two facts are not exactly contradictions, because timeline manipulation would allow for a reality where aliens had been killed off before humans encountered them. However, it's a plot point in ''Literature/FoundationAndEarth'' that absent from the galaxy is not absent from the universe.
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Society Marches On has been renamed; cleaning out misuse and moving examples
* FutureSocietyPresentValues : The scope of this series is epic, but ''Literature/TheFoundationTrilogy'' uses gender roles practically identical to 1950s United States. When Dr Asimov revisited the series decades later, he included women more prominently, especially in the form of Mayor Harla Branno, his first female mayor. She is an IronLady ruler for Terminus and the Foundation, introduced in ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'' (1982) and wants to conquer the galaxy centuries earlier than the [[ThePlan Seldon Plan]] expects. However, Dr Asimov is clearly more comfortable writing male characters, despite continuing to add [[ActionGirl badass females]] like Dors Venabili and Bliss.
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* SocietyMarchesOn: The scope of this series is epic, but ''Literature/TheFoundationTrilogy'' uses gender roles practically identical to 1950s United States. When Dr Asimov revisited the series decades later, he included women more prominently, especially in the form of Mayor Harla Branno, his first female mayor. She is an IronLady ruler for Terminus and the Foundation, introduced in ''Literature/FoundationsEdge'' (1982) and wants to conquer the galaxy centuries earlier than the [[ThePlan Seldon Plan]] expects. However, Dr Asimov is clearly more comfortable writing male characters, despite continuing to add [[ActionGirl badass females]] like Dors Venabili and Bliss.
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* ''Foundation's Friends'' -- An {{Anthology}} honoring Dr Asimov. Contains both ''Foundation'', ''Robots'' and unrelated, standalone stories :[[index]]
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* ''Foundation's Friends'' -- An {{Anthology}} honoring Dr Asimov. Contains both ''Foundation'', ''Robots'' and unrelated, standalone stories :[[index]] stories:[[index]]
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A TV series is in development by Creator/AppleTVPlus, scheduled for release on September 24, 2021. A number of characters have been conserably re-tooled - Gaal Dornick and Salvor Hardin are now women, and Hardin is around for the founding. The emperor is now a clone family. Two trailers have been released: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgbPSA94Rqg a teaser trailer]] and [[https://youtu.be/wvOAA1U0li8 a regular trailer]]
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[[Series/Foundation2021 A TV series is in development series]] developed by Creator/AppleTVPlus, scheduled for release was released on September 24, 2021. A number of characters have been conserably re-tooled - Gaal Dornick and Salvor Hardin are now women, and Hardin is around for the founding. The emperor is now a clone family. Two trailers have been released: released before the series itself: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xgbPSA94Rqg a teaser trailer]] and [[https://youtu.be/wvOAA1U0li8 a regular trailer]]
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* BadassPacifist: One of Salvor Hardin's favorite aphorisms is "Violence is the last refuge of the incompetent." Under his leadership, the Foundation never attacks the Four Kingdoms, but nonetheless dominates them through trickery. Veers into TechnicalPacifist territory, as he does manipulate Anacreon first with the other kingdoms' fleets, and later with their own subverted battlecruiser - but ''he'' is never the one to issue a threat.
