Metropolis began as a 1925 novel by Thea Von Harbou, which was shortly after adapted into a film in 1927 by Von Harbou and her then-husband Fritz Lang. Known for popularizing many common sci-fi tropes, the original story has been edited and redone in many formats.
The adaptations are:
- The aforementioned original novel, written by Von Harbou.
- The (very famous) 1927 silent film.
- A manga by Osamu Tezuka, written in 1949. It is loosely based on the above movie.
- A Broadway musical, directed by Jérôme Savary.
- A 2001 anime, done by Madhouse. It is again loosely based on both the film and the manga.
