Characters / Spartakus: World in Revolution

Central Europe

Free Socialist Republic of Germany

Official Name: Free Socialist Republic of Germany

Ruling Party: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands^note Communist Party of Germany

Ideology: Spartacism

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• Balkanize Me: If the FSRD loses to the capitalists in the Second World War, it can either be split into the West, East and South German Federation (according to the British plan), dismembered into eight independent states (according to the French plan), or divided into two smaller 'Federations' in the south and west and three other nations in the north and east (a compromise between Britain and France).
• Capitalism Is Bad: Like all variants of communist ideologies and communist nations in OTL as in Spartakus, the Free Socialist Republic of Germany is of this opinion towards capitalism, and the May Revolution had shown they are willing to dismantle it by force. Notably, while its council democracy constitutionally guarantees the rights of justice, protection, wellbeing, worship and many other things, it guarantees only social ownership of property - private property is theoretically abolished, and Socialist Germany is presently working on total socialization of their economy with collective ownership of the means of production. In practice, some personal property rights appear to be still retained.
• Chummy Commies: Founded on the ideals of Soviet democracy, the Free Socialist Republic of Germany is a sincere federal socialist republic whose citizens have constitutionally guaranteed rights to justice, protection, wellbeing, worship, among other things. Socialist Germany is the birthplace of Sparticism, which advocates for democracy, ending capitalism and ensuring the rights and welfare of the common workers.
• Civil War: The FSRD was born during and in the aftermath of the German Civil War which broke out in the May Revolution of 1919.
• Commie Land: The Free Socialist Republic of Germany is one of the main bastions of Communism in Spartakus, alongside the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
• The Leader: While all members of the Third International are theoretically equal, Socialist Germany's status as the most industrially-developed Communist state gave it a preeminent and highly influential status along with the Soviet Union in the Communist bloc, which often turns to Socialist Germany for leadership.
• Please Select New City Name: Several German city names have been changed after the revolution. Chemnitz has been renamed Karl-Marx-Stadt (like in OTL), Königsberg is now called Friedrich-Engels-Stadt, Wilhelmshaven has been renamed Volkshafen (People's Port) and Kiel was changed to Friedenshafen-Kiel (Port of Peace-Kiel).
• The Protagonist: Shaping up to be this for Spartakus: World In Revolution, on account of being the forefront of communism as one of the leading communist states whose successful communist revolution shaped the entire Spartakus world up until 1932.
• The Republic: It's literally in its name after all.

Rosa Luxembourg

Role: Chairperson^note Head of State

Party: Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands^note Communist Party of Germany

Ideology: Spartacism

In-Game Biography^{Click to Show} 
Date of Birth: 5 March 1871
Place of Birth: Zamość, Poland
Father: Eliasz Luxemburg
Mother: Line Löwenstein
Overview: Rosa Luxemburg was born to a Polish Jewish family in the city of Zamość. The fifth child in a moderately prosperous family of timber traders, she learned to speak Polish, Russian and German at a young age, and quickly took interest in politics under the influence of her parents. During a bout of sickness that left her with a permanent limp, she taught herself to read and began writing and translating poems.

Her introduction to socialist politics came in 1886, when she joined the clandestine Proletariat Party. Amidst repressions from the Tsarist authorities, she fled to Switzerland in 1888 to avoid arrest. Here, she enrolled at the University of Zurich and was first introduced to members of the German socialist movement. In 1893, she participated as a Polish delegate to the Second International. After being marginalized by the Polish Socialist Party, she would found the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPIL). In 1897 she moved to Germany and joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD).

She quickly rose to prominence as a leading revolutionary voice within the SPD, a position that gained her many friends and rivals. In February 1914, she was imprisoned for delivering a pacifistic speech to a crowd in Frankfurt. War erupted that year, and the majority of the SPD took the side of the German government. During her imprisonment, she co-founded the opposition 'Gruppe Internationale', which later transformed into the Spartacus League. She remained imprisoned until the outbreak of the November Revolution in 1918.

Following her release, she quickly got to work opposing the reformist SPD government of Friedrich Ebert. On 16 January, at the congress of the Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), she led the Spartacus League into a split, forming the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). She opposed putschist tendencies within the party, and ensured its participation in the 1919 elections. After an attempted putsch by right-wing extremists in April, she led the KPD into revolution in May. She assumed leadership of the provisional government during the ensuing civil war, and became the first Chairperson of the People's Council in 1921. After the 1924 elections she resigned, not wanting to set a precedent of long terms, but remained influential in other political positions. In 1930, amidst the rising issues of terrorism, agrarian reform and conflicts with the United Social Democratic Party (VSPD), she was re-elected as Chairperson.

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Rhenish Republic

^{Flag of the West German Federation} 

Official Name: Rhenish Republic, Rhenish Federation (London Compromise), West German Federation (Three Federations)

Ruling Party: Christliche Volkspartei^note Christian People's Party

Ideology: Social Conservatism

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• Puppet State: The Rhenish Republic used to be called the Inter-Allied Rhineland Occupation Zone, and remains a satellite state to Britain, France, and Belgium.
• The Remnant: The Rhenish Republic is the last remaining piece of the Weimar government, led by local leaders who refused to give up on the short-lived republic.
• The Republic: Just like its communist neighbor Socialist Germany, Rheinland is a republic (albeit of the Western type as opposed to the Soviet version).

Ludwig Kaas

Role: President^note Head of State

Party: Christliche Volkspartei^note Christian People's Party

Ideology: Social Conservatism

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Kingdom of Baden-Württemberg

Official Name: Kingdom of Baden-Württemberg, South German Federation (Three Federations, London Compromise)

Ruling Party: Deutschnationale Volkspartei^note German National People's Party

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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• The Remnant: Like Livonia, Baden-Württemberg is led by local German nobility that remained loyal to the German Empire. Similar to the Rhenish Republic, it is a breakaway state that was formed from the ashes of Weimar Germany.

Albrecht I

Role: President^note Head of State, Monarch^note Head of State

Party: Deutschnationale Volkspartei^note German National People's Party

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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Austrian Socialist Republic

Official Name: Austrian Socialist Republic

Ideology: Spartacism

Theodor Körner

Role: President^note Head of State

Ideology: Spartacism

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Republic of Austria

Official Name: Republic of Austria

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

Wilhelm Miklas

Role: President^note Head of State

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

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Czech Republic

Official Name: Czech Republic

Ruling Party: ČSA

Ideology: Social Conservatism

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Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk

Role: Head of State

Party: ČSA

Ideology: Social Conservatism

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Western Europe

French National and Social Republic

^{Flag of the French Socialist Republic} 

Official Name: French National and Social Republic

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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• Military Coup: The French State was formed through a successful coup d'état in 1925 which overthrew the Third Republic and ushered in the "Regime of Marshals".
• People's Republic of Tyranny: The French National and Social Republic is a military dictatorship with no democracy whatsoever.
• Police State: The Republic was established after the May 25th Coup by the National Union League, which overthrew the Third Republic and replaced it with a military dictatorship.
• Putting on the Reich: France's full name includes the words "National" and "Social", and the program of its ruling party also promises a "new order" for France and the rest of Europe. Sounds familiar?

Hubert Lyautey

Role: Chef de la Nation^note Head of State

Party: LUN (M)

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

In-Game Biography^{Click to Show} 
Date of Birth: 17 November 1854
Place of Birth: Nancy, France
Father: Léon Just Eusèbe Lyautey
Mother: Laurence Grimoult de Villemotte
Spouse: Inès de Bourgoing
Overview: Louis Hubert Gonzalve Lyautey is, through his father, from a family of Franche-Comté origin, which had gained its prestige from the campaigns of Napoleon. Through his mother, he descends from the the Norman noble family Grimoult de Villemotte. At 1 19 years old, Lyautey met Count Albert de Mun, theoretician of Social Catholicism, a movement of which he became very involved in. Monarchist by "reason", legitimist by "romanticism", Lyautey did not hide his views as France returned to republicanism and anticlericalism in 1879.

Lyautey returned to military school in 1873 and graduated two years later, after which he joined the School of the General Staff. He became a lieutenant and, on holiday, left for two months on a trip to Algeria where he criticized the colonization of the territory and advocated a "more civilized system". Rising up the ranks of the hierarchy, he became a favorite among his subordinates due to his paternalistic attitude. He was posted to Indochina in 1894, and here he stressed that the colonial policy should be that of cooperation and respect rather than destruction. After the the Algeciras Conference in 1906, Lyautey was sent to command an army in the Conquest of Morocco. In 1912, after the Agadir Crisis, Lyautey was appointed Governor General of Morocco where he employed the policies he had pushed for in Indochina, placing a puppet Sultan in power and cooperating with the locals.

In December 1916 he became Minister of War as the Great War raged on, but he resigned in April 1917 amidst division and chaos in the government. He welcomed Alexandre Millerand's hardline policy against the communists while being extremely critical of his social and colonial policies, especially in Syria. The Rif War and the victory of the Lefts Cartel brought an end to his governership, and he returned to France in a state of near retirement. Soon, Lyautey began to openly criticize the policies of the Republican-Radical's and 25 May 1925 he led a coup with the support of the far-right leagues, installing a provisional regime for 2 years.

In 1927, following the adoption by referendum of a new constitution, Lyautey became President of the new French National and Social Republic. He soon obtained the title of "Chef de la Nation", which merged the Head of State with the Head of Government. The real power, however, increasingly lies in the hands of Vice President André Tardieu as Lyautey grows older and weaker.

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Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Official Name: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

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Charlotte

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Kingdom of Belgium

Official Name: Kingdom of Belgium

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Albert I

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Kingdom of the Netherlands

Official Name: Kingdom of the Netherlands

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Wilhelmina

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

^{Flag of Communist Great Britain} 

Official Name: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Ruling Party: Liberal Party

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• The Empire: The British Empire is still alive, if in worse shape than in OTL as a result of the First World War and having neither a Treaty of Versailles nor reparations from Germany to help with the economic recovery. In the years since the German revolution they were struggling to maintain it, fighting uprisings and guerilla wars in Ireland, Afghanistan, India, and as of 1932 in Burma.
• From Bad to Worse: The aftermath of the Great War cost it the flower of a generation and also severe economic losses, and the absence of the Treaty of Versailles and associating reparations in TTL made economic recovery slow and ponderous. Its military strength is exhausted after the war had ended, a situation compounded by it becoming badly stretched out between their commitments in Russia (which failed) and holding their empire together against autonomist and anticolonial movements among their subjects such as stopping a prolonged Irish War of Independence, an Afghan revolt (which the British outright lost), and the 'Red Revolt' which raged across India between 1925-28. The government and mainstream parties' excessive responses and overreaction to colonial issues and left-wing activism - such as the brutal operations against the Irish Republican Army in 1922 and forceful response to the 1926 national strike - made things worse by alienating the voting public and making the resentful British proletariat even more receptive to socialism, a fact which was not helped by the series of ineffectual governments which arose and fell in relatively quick successions as a result of the post-war problems. And THEN, just when things were starting to re-stabilize, the 1929 London Market Crash halted and reversed whatever little economic recovery they managed to achieve and threw the empire into greater turmoil and instability. By 1932 the British Raj has to deal with a new and rather vicious Burmese revolt, which once again threatens British Empire's grip on its crown jewel.
• Occupiers Out of Our Country: On the receiving end following the Great War from multiple insurgencies by their colonial subjects, from Ireland and Afghanistan to India and Burma, which is not helped by and compounding their military exhaustion.
• Vestigial Empire: Downplayed, but the British Empire is looking increasingly untenable by the early 1930s from economic hardship, political crises and general domestic instability caused by the First World War, which was compounded by their struggle to hold their empire together against many uprisings with their already exhausted and badly-stretched military forces. All this was before the London Market Crash of 1929 ushered in The Great Depression and made everything even worse.

George V

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Dominion of Ireland

Official Name: Dominion of Ireland

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George V

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

See his entry in the United Kingdom folder.

Southern Europe

Kingdom of Italy

Official Name: Kingdom of Italy

Ruling Party: Governo Militare^note Military Government

Ideology: Authoritarian Conservatism

The Kingdom of Italy had emerged from the Great War having accomplished some of its goals, but was still faced its own the post-war turmoil. Despite having averted a right-wing coup in 1922 from Mussolini's Fascists, the successes of Communism in Germany, Russia and other parts of Europe coupled with a post-war economic downturn resulted in labour unrest and political instability. The decade-long 'Decennio Rosso' culminated with the assassination of the Italian prime minister in 1928, which prompted the Italian military to seize power and declare martial law. Only time will tell however how long military rule would save Italy from both the specter of communism and the threat of resurgent fascism.

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• Day of the Jackboot:
  • This trope is averted in 1922 when the attempted takeover by Mussolini's Fascists, the March on Rome, was crushed on orders of the monarchy in contrast to Real Life.
  • Played Straight when the Royal Italian Army seized control of the nation in 1928 after a decade of political and economic instability, presumably in a last-ditch effort to avert a communist revolt or fascist resurgence from taking over Italy.
• For Want Of A Nail: In the Spartakus world, the 1922 March on Rome by Benito Mussolini and his Fascists were crushed by the Italian army due to King Victor Emmaneul III's concerns over Mussolini's former Socialist ties, which together with pressure from the army and his ministers prompted him not to throw his support to Mussolini as he had in Real Life.
• Military Coup: Like in France, the military seized power under Pietro Badoglio in 1928 in a bid to restore political stability after the Italian prime minister was assassinated.
• Occupiers Out of Our Country: The Anti-Militarist Resistance Movement is allied with two regional autonomist organizations such as the Lion of Saint Mark in Venice and the Sardinian Action Party in Sardinia who want to kick the Italians out of their territories and establish their own states.
• La Résistance: An anti-militarist resistance movement arose in Italy following the 1928 military takeover which had waged a low-level insurgency against the junta all the way to 1932. It nominally shares a goal in overthrowing Badoglio's military regime but is otherwise divided into multiple factions with differing goals, ranging from the communist Revolutionary Liberation Committee currently leading the efforts in exile from Berlin to the non-communist Giustizia e Libertà movement of Carlo Rosselli.
• Tyrant Takes the Helm: To many, General Pietro Badoglio and the Royal Italian Army's takeover of Italy in 1928 was this, prompting the rise of the Anti-Militarist Resistance Movement against the junta and growing separatist sentiments by autonomist movements in Venice and Sardinia.

Vittorio Emanuelle III

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

Party: Governo Militare^note Military Government

Ideology: Authoritarian Conservatism

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Pietro Badoglio

Role: Prime Minister^note Head of Government

Party: Governo Militare^note Military Government

Ideology: Authoritarian Conservatism

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Francesco Luigi Ferrari

Role: Prime Minister^note Head of Government (Post-Civil War Elections)

Party: Democrazia Cristiana^note Christian Democracy

Ideology: Social Conservatism

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Alcide De Gasperi

Role: Prime Minister^note Head of Government (Post-Civil War Elections)

Party: Democrazia Cristiana^note Christian Democracy

Ideology: Social Conservatism

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Antonio Gramsci

Role: Leader of the Comitato Rivoluzionario di Liberazione^note Revolutionary Liberation Committee (CRL)

Party: Partito Comunista d'Italia (Ordinovisti)^note Communist Party of Italy (Ordinovist)

Ideology: Spartacism

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Benito Mussolini

Role: Leader of the Partito Nazionale Fascista^note National Fascist Party

Party: Partito Nazionale Fascista (Fascisti)^note National Fascist Party (Fascist)

Ideology: National Corporatism

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Italian Civil War

Autonomous Region of Venice

Official Name: Autonomous Region of Venice, Italian Federal Republic (Republic Declared)

Ruling Party: Leone di San Marco^note Lion of Saint Mark

Ideology: Reformist Socialism

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Italico Corradino Cappellotto

Role: Head of State

Party: Leone di San Marco^note Lion of Saint Mark

Ideology: Reformist Socialism

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Carlo Rosseli

Role: Head of State (Republic Declared)

Party: Giustizia e Libertà^note Justice and Freedom

Ideology: Reformist Socialism

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Autonomous Region of Sardinia

Official Name: Autonomous Region of Serdinia

Ruling Party: Partidu Sardu – Partito Sardo d'Azione^note Sardinian Action Party

Ideology: Social Democracy

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Pietro Mastino

Role: Head of State

Party: Partidu Sardu – Partito Sardo d'Azione^note Sardinian Action Party

Ideology: Social Democracy

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Turin Workers' Council

Official Name: Turin Workers' Council, Italian Socialist Federative Republic (Socialist Republic Declared)

Ruling Party: Partito Comunista d'Italia (Ordinovisti)^note Communist Party of Italy (Ordinovist)

Ideology: Spartacism

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Celeste Negarville

Role: Head of State

Party: Partito Comunista d'Italia (Ordinovisti)^note Communist Party of Italy (Ordinovist)

Ideology: Spartacism

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Kingdom of Illyria

Official Name: Kingdom of Illyria

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Tomislav II Frankopan

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Kingdom of Montenegro

Official Name: Kingdom of Montenegro

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Danilo II

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Kingdom of Serbia

Official Name: Kingdom of Serbia

Ruling Party: Vlada Nacionalnog Spasa^note Government of National Salvation

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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Petar II

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

Party: Vlada Nacionalnog Spasa^note Government of National Salvation

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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Kingdom of Albania

Official Name: Kingdom of Albania

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Herthe I

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Second Hellenic Republic

^{Flag of Communist Greece} 

Official Name: Hellenic Republic

Ruling Party: Komma Fileleftheron^note Liberals’ Party

Ideology: Social Liberalism

Aléxandros Zaimis

Role: President^note Head of State

Party: Komma Fileleftheron^note Liberals’ Party

Ideology: Social Liberalism

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Spanish Republic

Official Name: Spanish Republic

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• Civil War: A civil war could break out in Spain like in Real Life if the circumstances for it are met.

Niceto Alcalá-Zamora

Role: Head of State

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Kingdom of Portugal

Official Name: Kingdom of Portugal

Ruling Party: CM-A

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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Manuel II

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

Party: CM-A

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

In-Game Biography^{Click to Show} 
Date of Birth: 15 November 1889
Place of Birth: Lisbon, Portugal
Father: Carlos I
Mother: Amélie of Orléans
Spouse: Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern
Overview: Manuel II was born less than a month after the ascension of his father, Carlos I, to the Portuguese throne. As the youngest child, he was not raised to be an heir like his older brother, Luís Filipe. He quickly took interest to literature and history, in contrast to his more physically active brother.

Manuel grew up in a turbulent period that saw the rise of republicanism and anarchism. This was exacerbated by the absolutist actions of his father, who appointed the strongman João Franco as Prime Minister. On 1 February 1908, two republican assassins ambushed the carriage carrying the royal family and the Prime Minister. In what would become famously known as the Lisbon Regicide, both King Carlos I and the heir, Luís Filipe, were killed. Manuel was nonfatally wounded.

Manuel was suddenly launched to the position of heir, and was crowned Manuel II the same day, at the age of 18. Despite the dismissal of João Franco and the holding of new elections, the political situation did not improve. On 3 October 1910, republican soldiers seized Lisbon and Porto and forced the royal family to flee into exile to Britain. The monarchy was subsequently abolished and the Portuguese Republic was declared.

In exile, Manuel married Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern in 1912. The marriage has produced no children and she is widely believed to be sterile. Manuel refused to support the attempts at a restoration by Henrique de Paiva Couceiro, instead believing that a restoration should only occur through means of plebiscite. His staunch constitutionalism brought him into conflict with the Miguelist branch of the House of Braganza, which favors absolutism and was supported by the Integralismo Lusitano movement.

Manuel still remained opposed to a violent counterrevolution when monarchist officers launched a coup against the republican government on 17 November 1931. The coup initially succeeded, with the government in Lisbon being overthrown. However, the left-wing population was driven into resistance when the local garrison refused to surrender, and a socialist republic was declared. Manuel was pressured by the British to support the counterrevolutionary monarchist forces, who fled to the conservative north and consolidated themselves. With great reluctance, the King departed from exile back to Portugal in December.

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Portuguese Republic

Official Name: Portuguese Republic

Ruling Party: Partido Unido da Esquerda Republicana (Partido Comunista Português - Partido Republicano da Esquerda Democrática)^note United Party of the Republican Left (Portuguese Communist Party - Republican Party of the Democratic Left)

Ideology: Spartacism

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Comitê Revolucionário

Role: Head of State

Party: Partido Unido da Esquerda Republicana (Partido Comunista Português - Partido Republicano da Esquerda Democrática)^note United Party of the Republican Left (Portuguese Communist Party - Republican Party of the Democratic Left)

Ideology: Spartacism

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Northern Europe

Kingdom of Denmark

Official Name: Kingdom of Denmark

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Christian X

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Kingdom of Iceland

Official Name: Kingdom of Iceland

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Kristján X

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

See his entry in the Denmark folder.

Kingdom of Norway

Official Name: Kingdom of Norway

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Haakon VII

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Republic of Sweden

Official Name: Republic of Sweden

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Per Halbin Hansson

Role: Head of State

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Republic of Finland

Official Name: Republic of Finland

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Pehr Evind Svinhufund

Role: Head of State

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Eastern Europe

Republic of Estonia

Official Name: Republic of Estonia

Ruling Party: Isamaaliit^note Patriotic League

Ideology: Anocracy

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Johan Laidoner

Role: Head of State

Party: Isamaaliit^note Patriotic League

Ideology: Anocracy

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Livonia

Official Name: Livonia

Ruling Party: Militärregierung^note Military Government

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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• Foreign Ruling Class: Livonia's native Latvians and Estonians are ruled over by the local German nobility and officer corps.
• Going Native: Livonia's Baltische Landswehr can choose to assimilate by creating an all-Latvian army.
• Occupiers Out of Our Country: Latvian rebels seek to overthrow the Baltic German regime of Livonia through terrorist attacks and violent revolution such as the bombing of the Riga Central Station. They can receive aid from Estonia if they choose to intervene.
• Putting on the Reich: Alfred Rosenberg and Reinhard Heydrich, who were members of the Nazi Party in OTL, lead the Livonian Nationalist Party, which is modeled after the Nazis and can turn Livonia into a nationalist dictatorship.
• The Remnant: It's a dictatorship run by generals that were loyal to the old German Empire. It can even become a duchy under a quasi-democratic authoritarian regime led by the Baltische Reformspartei that embraces Otto von Bismarck's Prussian Constitutionalism.
• The Republic: Livonia can choose to become a Western liberal republic led by Paul Schiemann of the Baltic Democratic Party in one of the focuses trees.
• The Theocracy: Livonia can potentially become a Catholic theocracy and reform the old Teutonic Order.

Rüdiger von der Goltz

Role: Head of State

Party: Militärregierung^note Military Government

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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Paul Schiemann

Role: Head of State

Party: Baltische Demokratische Partei^note Baltic Democratic Party

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Alfred Rosenberg

Party: Deutsch-baltische Volkspartei^note German-Baltic People's Party

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Republic of Lithuania

Official Name: Republic of Lithuania

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Aleksandras Stulginskis

Role: Head of State

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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Official Name: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Ideology: Bolshevism

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• Chummy Commies: The USSR is a federal Marxist socialist republic with Lev Kamenev in charge.
• Commie Land: The USSR is the second major communist nation in Spartakus alongside the Free Socialist Republic of Germany.
• For Want Of A Nail: As a result of butterflies from the first point of divergence, the Soviets were able to defeat Poland during the Soviet-Polish War of 1919-1920 and turn it into another communist state. This also created a direct corridor which allowed Soviet Russia to provide support to the German communists in the German Civil War and helping to ensure they win.
• The Federation: The Soviet Union is a socialist federation of republics led by Lev Kamenev.
• The Leader: The USSR is the co-leader of the Communist International by 1932 together with the Free Socialist Republic of Germany. In the International Proletarian Defence Pact (INPROV), the Soviet Union is the only other executive member of the military alliance with Socialist Germany.

Lev Kamenev

Role: Chairperson^note Head of State

Ideology: Bolshevism

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Polish-Galician Socialist Republic

Official Name: Polish-Galician Socialist Republic

Ideology: Bolshevism

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Adolf Warski

Role: Head of State

Ideology: Bolshevism

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Hungarian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic

Official Name: Hungarian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic

Ruling Party: Hungarian Socialist Party

Ideology: Bolshevism

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József Pogány

Role: Chairperson^note Head of State

Party: Hungarian Socialist Party

Ideology: Bolshevism

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Kingdom of Romania

Official Name: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian Socialist Republic (Socialist Civil War Victory)

Ruling Party: Partidul Național Țărănesc^note National Peasants' Party

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

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• Civil War: Corneliu Zelea Codreanu's Iron Guard and Elena Bacaloglu's Fascio will inevitably fight each other if Romania turns National Syndicalist.
• Putting on the Reich: Romania can become fascist if the Iron Guard wins the 1933 elections or the Fascio overthrow the former.

Carol II

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Iuliu Maniu

Role: Prime Minister^note Head of Government

Party: Partidul Național Țărănesc^note National Peasants' Party

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

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Corneliu Codreanu

Role: Prime Minister^note Head of Government (1933 Election)

Party: Garda de Fier^note Iron Guard

Ideology: National Syndicalism

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Elena Bacalolgu

Role: Prime Minister^note Head of Government (Fascio Coup)

Party: Fascio

Ideology: National Corporatism

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Gheorghe Cristescu

Role: Prime Minister^note Head of Government (1933 Election)

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Republic of Bulgaria

Official Name: Republic of Bulgaria

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Aleksandar Stamboliyski

Role: Head of State

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The Middle East

Exalted Ottoman State

Official Name: Exalted Ottoman State

Ruling Party: Hürriyet ve İtilaf Fırkası^note Freedom and Accord Party

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

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• Internal Reformist: The leadership of the Exalted Ottoman State creates policies that integrate non-Turkish Christians into society such as serving in the army and being free of their old tax burdens. Pluralism has also been embraced by the state.
• Puppet State: It was established as a client state by the British after the end of World War I.
• Vestigial Empire: The state lost much of its land to foreign powers and is reduced to simply Turkey as well parts of northern Iraq after signing a peace treaty with Britain.

Mehmed VI

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

Party: Hürriyet ve İtilaf Fırkası^note Freedom and Accord Party

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

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Kurdistan Autonomy

Official Name: Kurdistan Autonomy

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Republic of Armenia

Official Name: Republic of Armenia

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Hovhannes Kajaznuni

Role: Head of State

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Kingdom of Palestine and Hejaz

Official Name: Kingdom of Palestine and Hejaz

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Ali Bin Hussein

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Kingom of Iraq

Official Name: Kingom of Iraq

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Faisal I

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Sublime State of Persia

Official Name: Sublime State of Persia

Ruling Party: Qajar Dynasty

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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Mahmoud Mirza Shah Qajar

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

Party: Qajar Dynasty

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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Gilan Soviet

Official Name: Persian Socialist Soviet Republic

Ruling Party: Ḥezb-e komūnīst-e Iran^note Communist Party of Iran

Ideology: Bolshevism

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Ja'far Pishevari

Role: Head of State

Party: Ḥezb-e komūnīst-e Iran^note Communist Party of Iran

Ideology: Bolshevism

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Khuzestan

Official Name: Khuzestan

Ruling Party: Tribal Federation

Ideology: Anocracy

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Khaz'al Khan al-Kaabi

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

Party: Tribal Federation

Ideology: Anocracy

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Khorasan

Official Name: Iranian Nationalist Government of Khorasan

Ruling Party: Ḥezb-e Taǰaddod^note Revival Party

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

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Mohammed Taqi Pessian

Role: Head of State

Party: Ḥezb-e Taǰaddod^note Revival Party

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

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Transcaspia

Official Name: Transcaspian Government

Ruling Party: Bandity^note Bandits

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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Oraz Sirdar

Role: Head of State

Party: Bandity^note Bandits

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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South Asia

Emirate of Bukhara

Official Name: Emirate of Bukhara

Ruling Party: Mangit

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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Mohammed Alim Khan

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

Party: Mangit

Ideology: Right-Wing Populism

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Nepal

Official Name: Kingdom of Nepal

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Tribhuvan Shah

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Bhutan

Official Name: Kingdom of Bhutan, Druk Empire

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Jigme Wangchuck

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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British Raj

Official Name: British Raj

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Burmese Revolt

U Nu

Role: Head of State

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Raj Collapse

Jammu and Kashmir

Official Name: Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu

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Hari Singh Dogra

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Wathanistan

Official Name: Republic of Wathanistan, Mughal Empire (Monarchy Restored)

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Role: Head of State

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Muhammad Shah II Timurid

Role: Monarch^note Head of State (Monarchy Restored)

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Union of Bharat

Official Name: Union of Bharat

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Jawaharlal Nehru

Role: Head of State

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Manabendra Nath Roy

Role: Head of State

Party: Spartacism

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Bhagat Singh

Role: Head of State

Party: Bolshevism

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Chandra Shekhar Azad

Role: Head of State

Party: Bolshevism

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Kingdom of Gwalior

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Jivajirao II

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Kingdom of Sikkim

Official Name: Kingdom of Sikkim, Himalayan Empire

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Tashi Namgyal

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Maratha Confederacy

Official Name: Maratha Confederacy

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Rajaram III

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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State of Hyderabad

Official Name: State of Hyderabad

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Osman Ali Khan

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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State of Mysore

Official Name: Kingdom of Mysore

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Krishnaraja Wadiyar

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Kingdom of Travancore

Official Name: Kingdom of Travancore

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Bala Rama Varma III

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Tripura State

Official Name: Tripura State

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Vir Vikram Manikya

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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Manipur Kingdom

Official Name: Manipur Kingdom

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Charuchandra Singh

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

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East Asia

Yunnan Clique

Official Name: Yunnan Clique

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Long Yun

Role: Governor^note Head of State

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Nanjing Government

Official Name: Government of the Republic of China (Nanjing)

Ruling Party: Kuomintang^note Chinese Nationalist Party

Ideology: Social Liberalism

While the National Revolution and the Northern Expedition had a promising start, tensions simmer within the KMT party and government between the rightwing faction with the leftwing faction and their CPC allies. The ideological divisions and rivalry between them grew fiercer and irreconcilable as time went on, until suddenly in April 1927 the rightists led by General Chiang Kai-shek launched a coup to purge the leftists and CPC from the party and seize control of the Republic of China. They were only partly successful, with the KMT in Wuhan refusing to submit and stood against the coup, forcing the rightists to reestablish their capital in Nanjing. Since then, the Nanjing KMT had squabbled against their Wuhan KMT counterparts over who is the legitimate government of the Republic of China, and their refusal to reconcile and inability to overcome each other is putting both the goal of Chinese reunification and the defense of China against foreign powers like the Empire of Japan at risk.

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• The Coup: The Nanjing KMT came about in the 12 April Coup, when the rightist faction of the KMT led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek attempted to purge the KMT of its leftist faction and its CPC allies and seize control of the Republic of China. They were only partly successful due to the KMT government in Wuhan refusing to submit and holding out against them to the present day.
• Irony: Although they tried to seize power over the KMT party and government in 1925, by 1932 many of the coup's leaders, notably including Chiang Kai-shek himself, had been forced from power themselves for one reason or another, though in Chiang's case there's still a chance for him to climb back up on top.
• The Purge: The Nanjing KMT came about when the KMT rightists attempted to do this to the KMT's leftist factions and CPC in 1927. Their partial success resulted in the Nanjing-Wuhan split which had persisted since then.
• The Usurper: The Nanjing KMT government is seen as this by the Wuhan KMT government, who refuses to recognize it as legitimate as it does vice-versa. Considering the Nanjing KMT came to power through a rightwing coup and purge of its leftwing and CPC allies, and the KMT capital was relocated four months prior to that and was at Wuhan when it happened, it's not an entirely unwarranted accusation.
• We ARE Struggling Together:
  • Both the Nanjing and Wuhan governments seek to reunify China, but their squabble for legitimacy had hindered those efforts and put their ultimate goal beyond reach for the time being.
  • Compared to the Wuhan KMT government, the Nanjing regime is more unified under its presently authoritarian structure. That being said, it's noted rivalries and tensions between generals and politicians are growing beneath the veneer of unity, and a major power struggle is expected to occur as soon as they figure out how to take out their Wuhan KMT counterparts.
• You Have Failed Me: Ironically, despite having led the coup, Chiang Kai-shek was subjected to this when he was forced to resign from his leadership position by 1930-1 over failures of the Northern Expedition and other uncovered crimes.

Sun Fo

Role: Head of State

Party: Kuomintang^note Chinese Nationalist Party

Ideology: Social Liberalism

In-Game Biography^{Click to Show} 
Date of Birth: 20 October 1891
Place of Birth: Xiangshan, Guangdong
Overview: As the only child of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, founding father of the Republic, Sun Fo naturally followed his father's footsteps - devoting himself to the revolution. The reputation of 'crown prince of the revolution' is however both a blessing and a curse, Sun anxiously attempts to prove himself to not stand in his father's shadow, nor to be an incapable fool.

When Nanjing and Wuhan split in the April of 1928, Sun Fo, being the figurehead of Guangzhou, drafted a scheme to purge leftists in the city. Due to the failure of Chiang Kai-shek's coup d'état to gain the support of the masses, and the worsening situation of the Northern Expedition, Sun recommitted himself to the revolution once again. Nonetheless, his firm stance of anti-communism has drawn wide criticism of careerism and reactionism, as well as accusations of wishing to steal power from Wuhan. Under these circumstances, the invitation from Nanjing became Sun's life-saving line.

Thus, declaring he was to study abroad, Sun never stepped foot out of China, transferring in Hong Kong and coming directly to Nanjing. With the struggle of power between Chiang Kai-shek and Hu Hanmin ongoing, Sun's arrival threw another hat in the ring. Considering the threat of the governance in Wuhan, Chiang and Hu resolved for Sun to act as de facto leader, temporarily quelling the political game of the faction.

By 1932, Sun Fo has achieved legitimacy as figurehead of the Nanjing Goverment. However, before they can eliminate their competitors in Wuhan, they must have a crisis even larger - once and for all ending the endless power struggle in Nanjing, lest they be ended by the struggle itself.

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Wuhan Government

Official Name: Government of the Republic of China (Wuhan)

Ruling Party: Kuomintang^note Chinese Nationalist Party

Ideology: Social Democracy

When the National Revolution began and the Northern Expedition was launched, the KMT government formed in 1925 at Guangzhou made the decision to move the capital to Wuhan in January 1927, where they could better direct the efforts of the KMT to reunify China. When Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and Rightist elements of the KMT launched their purge against Leftist and CPC elements in the KMT in the 12 April Coup, the KMT in Wuhan refused to comply and stood against the Rightist faction, which established a new capital in Nanjing. Five years on both governments still refuses to accept the other as legitimate, and their continued squabbles puts both the goal of Chinese reunification and China's autonomy from foreign powers such as the Empire of Japan at risk.

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• The Alliance: Unlike the Nanjing KMT, the Wuhan KMT has maintained their alliance with the Communist Party of China. Given their own disagreements and divergent goals only time will tell how long and if this would last.
• The Remnant: The Wuhan government sees itself as what remains of the legitimate Kuomintang government and the territory they control the actual Republic of China, refusing to recognize the Nanjing KMT government as legitimate. This is technically true since the KMT government was based in Wuhan when they moved their capital there in January 1927, and refused to submit to the rightist faction when they launched their coup in April, forcing them to establish a rival government at Nanjing.
• We ARE Struggling Together:
  • Both the Wuhan and Nanjing governments seek to reunify China, but the two's squabble for legitimacy had hindered those efforts and put their ultimate goal beyond reach for the time being.
  • The Wuhan government is presented as being even more divided than the Nanjing government currently is, with constant arguments and debates between its leading members over policy and how to deal with their Nanjing rivals and reunify China, as well as with their CPC allies. It had not led to major divisions for the time being, but threatens their survival and success at a time when unity is paramount against their Nanjing rivals, other warlords and the looming threat of Japan. It's noted that if their present leader Wang Jingwei cannot resolve these divisions and issues by 1932 the Wuhan KMT would be in serious trouble.

Wang Jingwei

Role: Head of State

Party: Kuomintang^note Chinese Nationalist Party

Ideology: Social Democracy

In-Game Biography^{Click to Show} 
Date of Birth: 4 May 1883
Place of Birth: Sanshui, Guangdong
Overview: A young and promising leader of the leftists, a hero of the Xinhai Revolution, the trusted and diligent secretary of Dr. Sun Yat-sen - Wang Jingwei is granted many halos, yet his suitability for his role remains in question. With the ongoing revolution, it seems his fame cannot cover up the doubt over his abilities any further.

After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Wang successfully built up his position by promoting a united front between the KMT and CPC. However, when Chiang Kai-shek and Hu Hanmin challenged his station together with the rightist faction skeptical of the coalition, Wang barely defended his position.

Fortunately the smooth execution of the Northern Expedition and hasty reactionary coups led by the right-wing faction saved Wang's reputation. When Wuhan successfully united most of, if not all revolutionaries, the reactionaries in Nanjing seemed abandoned by the masses, suffering a heavy loss.

Though on the back of this elegant success, and with the future of Wuhan seeming promising, the questions of Wang's capability as a leader haunt him again. While the CPC and other radicals consider the revolution far less than a success, the gentry and military - whose interests were undermined during reforms - still clamor to expel all leftists.

By 1932, Wang faces a critical dilemma; to leave his post as leader of the KMT would be political suicide, while to stay in the position would force him to make bitter decisions sure to bring ire of factions able to depose him. It is hard to say if Wang will prioritise the revolutionary ideal, or is just concerned with fortifying his position.

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Laborers' Autonomous Government of Wuhan

Official Name: Laborers' Autonomous Government of Wuhan

Ideology: Bolshevism

CPC Rebellion in Wuhan

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Li Lisan

Role: Head of State

Ideology: Bolshevism

In-Game Biography^{Click to Show} 
Date of Birth: 18 November 1899
Overview: During the May 4th Movement, Li Lisan was exposed to Marxism and then became part of the first Marxist group in China. Soon, he went to France under a work-study program, until he was repatriated by French authorities due to his revolutionary actions.

Such setbacks had not stopped his pace, though. Once he returned to Shanghai, he joined the CPC at once, and was assigned to lead labor movements by Mao Zedong. Since then, he devoted himself wholeheartedly in the labor movement's frontline, from the Anyuan Strike to the May 30th Movement.

Li's position within the CPC was at a smooth rise parallel to the promising progress of the Chinese labor movement. After holding the Anti-British Demonstration, Li was absorbed into the center of the CPC. In 1927, Chiang's plot was surprisingly exposed, while Chen Duxiu was forced to resign due to his compromising stance. Even worse, the following leader Qu Qlubal had to move abroad. Under such a situation, Xiang Zhongfa, together with Li Lisan, was separately elected to leader of the CPC de jure and de facto.

With a true bellef in the strength of the Labor Revolution combined with the successful experience of the Soviets and Germany, Li wishes to lead a "successful" revolution in China to make his motherland become the first Communist country in East Asia. Hence, such thirst drives Li to take a decisive move to pursue the promising future. However, beneath the lure of a successful revolution, what is the cost of bloodshed if the revolution was to fail?

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Revolutionary Hailufeng

Official Name: Revolutionary Hailufeng

Ideology: Bolshevism

CPC Rebellion in Hailufeng

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Peng Pai

Role: Head of State

Ideology: Bolshevism

In-Game Biography^{Click to Show} 
Date of Birth: 22 October 1896
Overview: Though born in a wealth landlord family In Haifeng, Peng never truly identified his well-off background. When he studied in Japan, Peng was heavily affected by the Rice Riots (Kome sōdō) and the October Revolution in Russia, thus become a sympathizer of labors. It is such sympathy that made him to be expelled by Japan authority, but it also granted him the determination to thoroughly break with his family background. Since then, a Christian landlord died, with a socialism revolutionist rebirthed.

On returning Guangdong, Peng was assigned a high position by Chen Jiongming, who is also from a rich landlord family in Haifeng, and now the leader of Guangdong. He thought Peng could be his ally considering Peng's family background, but then dismissed him after realizing his tendency of promoting a revolution. This grant him a chance to fully devoted to peasant movements by establishing the General Peasant Association in Haifeng, and then spread this organization to whole Guangdong province. Notwithstanding Chen Jiongming and many aligned merchants and landlords see Peng as the most dangerous enemy, Peng finally managed to find his place in Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's theory and CPC's principles. By establishing Peasant Movement Training Institute (PMT), Peng profoundly influenced a group of youngsters' thoughts, including Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh.

When reactionaries' showing off their guns, trying to threat the revolution, never will Peng, the vanguard of peasant revolution flinch. He stood firmly when confronting Chiang's plot, and will stand firm if confronting Wang Jingwel's threat. It is all because of his oath to the revolution when he decided to devote himself— Live for the peasants, and die for the peasants!

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Guominjun

Official Name: Guominjun^Tr. National Army of China

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Feng Yuxiang

Role: Head of State

In-Game Biography^{Click to Show} 
Date of Birth: 6 November 1882
Place of Birth: Cangzhou, Hebei
Overview: Feng Yuxiang's career in the military goes as far back as age 11 in which he enlisted at the lowest rank in the Qing Army with no pay. After years of hard work, he would be transferred into the newly formed Beiyang Army in 1902. Over time, opposition to the Qing began developing in Feng and in the later portion of the Xinhai Revolution, Feng participated by fighting the Qing government with local revolutionaries in Luanzhou. This was a major turn turning point in Feng's life. The local revolution in Luanzhou was suppressed and Feng was imprisoned. He would later rejoin the Belyang Army in 1914. These events would would shape Feng's character in the fact that on one hand, he wished to participate in a revolution, but on the other he did not know how to lead a revolution. This would later be reflected in the Beijing Coup of 1924 in which he was able to surprise the incumbent warlords, but hesitation led to him failing and being forced to flee into Northwest China.

Luckily, his simple patriotism together with the CPC's efforts finally helped guide him to the right path to the art of revolution. After the Wuyuan Pledge, he joined his troops with the National Revolutionary and got Army, f revenge against the Beiyang warlords in the Northern Expedition. Through this event, he was able to prove himself and his army as an indispensable force in China. Not only did the Wuhan and Nanjing governments wish to draw Feng to their side, even the Soviets also were considering Feng as the key to the revolution of China.

Nonetheless, it is widely known that Feng has little interest in ideology due to his contradictions. He was once a Buddhist but then later became a Christian. He claimed to believe in in communism yet joined the KMT rather than the CPC. Any action that could be beneficial to his army would be done by him. He has long claimed that he is trying to lead the Guominjun to a 'Glorious Future', but did he actually know how to achieve it - or, furthermore, does he even truly have such an ambition?

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Xinjiang Clique

Official Name: Xinjiang Clique

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Yang Zhengxin

Role: Governor^note Head of State

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Shanxi Clique

Official Name: Shanxi Clique

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Yan Xishan

Role: Governor^note Head of State

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Empire of Japan

Official Name: Empire of Japan

Ideology: Authoritarian Conservatism

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• The Empire: One of the Great Powers of the world and the only one to originate outside of Europe.
• Rising Empire: Since the Meiji Restoration, Japan has expanded its boundaries to incorporate Korea and parts of China. It also defeated Russia in the Russo-Japanese War.

North America

Dominion of Newfoundland

Official Name: Dominion of Newfoundland

Ruling Party: Liberal Party

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

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George V

Role: Monarch^note Head of State

See his entry in the United Kingdom folder.

United States of America

Official Name: United States of America

Ruling Party: Republican Party

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

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• Eagleland: So far, the USA in Spartakus is a solid Type I (Beautiful) since it never suffered economic depression, chose to keep itself isolated from world affairs and avoided the political strife that engulfed much of Europe.
• The Federation: The U.S. is a collection of 48 states and numerous territories spanning from coast to coast.
• The Republic: It is a federal democratic republic that is Western capitalist much like Rheinland.
• Screw This, I'm Outta Here: According to Spartakus lore, the USA retreated back into isolationism much like OTL due to renewed European imperialism in the Pacific and financial troubles Europe was going through. It had even essentially cut itself off from the world market well before the London Stock Market Crash of 1929.

Herbert Hoover

Role: President^note Head of State

Party: Republican Party

Ideology: Liberal Conservatism

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South America

Argentine Republic

Official Name: Argentine Republic

Ruling Party: PN

Ideology: National Corporatism

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José Félix Benito Uriburu

Role: Head of State

Party: PN

Ideology: National Corporatism

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