History UsefulNotes / Peru

** The telenovela industry during TheNewTens made unreported employment and low-paying jobs the subject of most of its productions. Predictably, it often was a rather romanticized view on the matter -- not accurately portraying the country's poverty, initially over-relying on provinciano stereotypes, and usually revolving around some sort of by-proxy RagsToRiches plot (meaning, the LoveInterest tends to be wealthy). It all can be traced back to ''Series/{{Yo no me llamo Natacha}}'' and ''Series/MiAmorElWachiman''. Respectively, the tale of a GuileHero domestic worker who travels to Lima, the capital, to work for well-off families; and the love story between a pituca (rich, sheltered girl) and a poor security guard. There have been made telenovelas about carretilleras (ambulant, food vendors), informal clothing makers, landladies of low-income zones, and Cumbia singers. It was such a popular trend that one of the latest productions is a {{Deconstruction}} spawned by a [[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapa_tu_combi tragedy]] that made all of the previous idealistic takes much HarsherInHindsight.

Following the UsefulNotes/{{Chincha Islands War}} that pitched Peru, Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia against Spain, the country entered their golden age also called the Age of Guano, the mass production and exportation of this product launched Peru into an economic boom that saw the rise of a new upper class, the modernization of the country and the influx of immigrants, mainly from UsefulNotes/{{China}}, UsefulNotes/{{Japan}}, UsefulNotes/{{Italy}} and UsefulNotes/{{Germany}}.

** Prime Minister: Alberto Otárola

* '''Area:''' 1,285,216 km
(496,225 sq mi) (19th)

* '''Lowest point:''' Bayóvar Depression (−34 m/−112 ft) (16th)
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!! Tropes common in PeruvianMedia:
* AndeanMusic: The Music/SimonAndGarfunkel song ''El Cóndor Pasa'' is a Peruvian ballad.
* CyclicNationalFascination:
** The telenovela industry during TheNewTens made unreported employment and low-paying jobs the subject of most of its productions. Predictably, it often was a rather romanticized view on the matter -- not accurately portraying the country's poverty, initially over-relying on provinciano stereotypes, and usually revolving around some sort of by-proxy RagsToRiches plot (meaning, the LoveInterest tends to be wealthy). It all can be traced back to ''Series/{{Yo no me llamo Natacha}}'' and ''Series/MiAmorElWachiman''. Respectively, the tale of a GuileHero domestic worker who travels to Lima, the capital, to work for well-off families; and the love story between a pituca (rich, sheltered girl) and a poor security guard. There have been made telenovelas about carretilleras (ambulant, food vendors), informal clothing makers, landladies of low-income zones, and Cumbia singers. It was such a popular trend that one of the latest productions is a {{Deconstruction}} spawned by a [[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapa_tu_combi tragedy]] that made all of the previous idealistic takes much HarsherInHindsight.
** The Indigenista movement started a cycle of fascination-rejection toward the country's many indigenous cultures. To be more specific, whatever remains of Incan and Aymaran cultures after Spain's invasion and assimilation. The main proposers sought to create appreciation toward that heritage in an attempt to tone down the blatant, problematic Eurocentrism that had dominated Peruvian society up until then. As a result, works exploring the struggles and traditions of the Indigenous people's descendants were created. This caused heavy rejection, further highlighting Peru's deep-seated racism issues, until it cycled back to appreciating it during leftist administrations (and during TheEighties terrorist period), where there was a noticeable push for indigenous cultures to not only be part of school curricula but also for it to be presented in a favorable light. Peruvian soap operas and films tend to reflect this trend. Examples of this are ''Film/TheMilkOfSorrow'', ''Film/{{Juliana}}'', ''Series/{{El gran reto}}'', and ''[[Film/{{Winapacha}} Wiñaypacha]]''. In terms of music, pop-trap musicians Music/MilenaWarthon and Music/RenataFlores have adopted traditional indigenous music influences and instruments; with the latter singing some verses in Quechua.
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* Creator/JoseMariaEguren. The sole {{Symbolis|m}}t Peruvian poet who developed the same iconic features of the aforementioned movement on his own. He wasn't aware people in Europe were using things like musicality or the free verse as well.

* Creator/MarioVargasLlosa, award-winning author of primarily historical fiction novels and non-fiction political essays who won the 2010 Nobel Prize in Literature, and unsuccessfully ran against Alberto Fujimori in the 1990 presidential election (see below)

** President: Pedro Castillo
** Vice President: Dina Boluarte
** Prime Minister: Aníbal Torres
** President of Congress: Maricarmen Alva

* '''Area:''' 1,285,216 km
(496,225 sq mi) (19th)

* Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. The world's first Latino writer and the earliest known mestizo to be born in the Americas. He wrote several books about the history and events in the continent such as the ''Florida del Inca''. He is best known for ''Comentarios Reales del Inca'', a rundown of Peru's history from the Inca period to the start of the Viceroyalty.

* José María Arguedas. The biggest promoter of the Indigenist Movement that brought focus to the native cultures of the country, as well as the blatant discrimination against people of color.
* José María Eguren. The sole {{Symbolis|m}}t Peruvian poet who developed the same iconic features of the aforementioned movement on his own. He wasn't aware people in Europe were using things like musicality or the free verse as well.

** The Indigenista movement started a cycle of fascination-rejection toward the country's many indigenous cultures. To be more specific, whatever remains of Incan and Aymaran cultures after Spain's invasion and assimilation. The main proposers sought to create appreciation toward that heritage in an attempt to tone down the blatant, problematic Eurocentrism that had dominated Peruvian society up until then. As a result, works exploring the struggles and traditions of the Indigenous people's descendants were created. This caused heavy rejection, further highlighting Peru's deep-seated racism issues, until it cycled back to appreciating it during leftist administrations (and during TheEighties terrorist period), where there was a noticeable push for indigenous cultures to not only be part of school curricula but also for it to be presented in a favorable light. Peruvian soap operas and films tend to reflect this trend. Examples of this are ''Film/TheMilkOfSorrow'', ''Film/{{Juliana}}'', ''Series/{{El gran reto}}'', and ''[[Film/{{Winapacha}} Wiñaypacha]]''. In terms of music, Music/MilenaWarthon and Music/RenataFlores have adopted traditional indigenous music influences and instruments; with the latter singing some verses in Quechua.

* CyclicNationalFascination: The telenovela industry during TheNewTens made unreported employment and low-paying jobs the subject of most of its productions. Predictably, it often was a rather romanticized view on the matter -- not accurately portraying the country's poverty, initially over-relying on provinciano stereotypes, and usually revolving around some sort of by-proxy RagsToRiches plot (meaning, the LoveInterest tends to be wealthy). It all can be traced back to ''Series/{{Yo no me llamo Natacha}}'' and ''Series/MiAmorElWachiman''. Respectively, the tale of a GuileHero domestic worker who travels to Lima, the capital, to work for well-off families; and the love story between a pituca (rich, sheltered girl) and a poor security guard. There have been made telenovelas about carretilleras (ambulant, food vendors), informal clothing makers, landladies of low-income zones, and Cumbia singers. It was such a popular trend that one of the latest productions is a {{Deconstruction}} spawned by a [[https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapa_tu_combi tragedy]] that made all of the previous idealistic takes much HarsherInHindsight.

In 1975, the general was deposed and the regime under Morales Bermudez started to become a democracy again, all the while appeasing the US with whom Velasco had broken ties with after the coup. Following a period of instability in the 80s and 90s characterized by general inflation, the surgent of guerrillas in the countryside, and the ten-year dictatorship of Alberto Fujimori, the country finally gained political stability in the 2000s. From here, it had its usual problems of crime, corruption and drug trafficking, coupled with sustaining economic growth.

The first years of the new Republic of Peru were marked by political and economical instability, alternating between wars with it's neighbors and coup d'etats done by local warlords in almost repetitive succession, it wouldn't be until the government of Ramon Castilla around the 1850's that the country achieved a lengthy period of stability.

Following the UsefulNotes/{{Chincha Islands War}} that pitched Peru, Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia against Spain, the country entered their golden age also called the Age of Guano, the mass production and exportation of this product launched Peru into an economic boom that saw the rise of a new upper class, the modernization of the country and the influx of immigrants, mainly from China, Japan, Italy and Germany.

During the next centuries, the vice-royalty of Peru expanded its borders, encompassing all of South America minus UsefulNotes/{{Brazil}}. Its capitol, Lima, became along with Mexico City the largest and wealthiest city of the New World, mainly thanks to the exports of silver from Potosi and Pasco. However, the mantle of opulence, hid a deeply segregated society ruled by the Spanish nobility and high clergy.

Following the rise of the Bourbon Dynasty in Spain (1713) the Vice-royalty experienced a series of reforms,the most important where the creation of the Vice-royalties of Bogota (UsefulNotes/{{Colombia}}) and Rio de la Plata (UsefulNotes/{{Argentina}}), the expulsion of the Jesuit order and confiscation of their lands and the appointment of ''criollos'' (descendants of Spaniards born in America) to the government.

Eventually, the eighteen century saw the decline of the Vice-royalty power, the rebellions of Tupac Amaru II, Jose Santos Atahualpa and Mateo Pumacahua led to the implementation of increasingly strict rules regarding the indean population that only got worst during UsefulNotes/TheNapoleonicWars when several cities refused to recognize spanish authority and established it's own ''juntas''. Interestingly, during this period, Lima remained a strong royalist bastion, thanks to the fact that the city held a privileged position in the colonies, with its own nobility and merchant society that relied on strong commercial ties with the metropolis.

* The Habsburg Period: Also known as the Austrian period, it had the greatest parallels to the Middle Ages and even to the Roman Empire itself in its way to rule. The Habsburgs, having experiences with running [[UsefulNotes/HolyRomanEmpire empires]] before, used indirect rule, the influence of the Catholic Church and alliances with the local nobility to keep the Empire together, which they managed to at the cost of the Peninsular holdings being eclipsed by the American kingdoms they ruled, on the flip side, Hispanic America was left out of much of the modern changes that were happening in Europe at the time and only recieved it by hand of the Jesuit order.

* The Bourbon Period: The French period, it paved the way to the modernisation of the American Kingdoms, creating more territorial divisons to better manage the Empire such as the Viceroyalties of Rio de la Plata, Nueva Granada and the captaincies general of Cuba, Phillipines, Chile, Venezuela, Guatemala, Yucatan and others. Like its parallel in Versailles, the period marked an age of cultural and intellectual flourishment. It also started the tendency of centralisation of power that would eventually lead to various problems ahead.

However, Manco Inca realised that the small contingent of Pizarro was nothing more than the screening for the Spanish Army and they intended to conquer the country, this lead to his flight from Cuzco to the city of Vilcabamba near the mountain jungles, from where he and other three rebel Incas would lead a war against the Spaniard ''conquistadores'', these four are known as the Incas of Vilcabamba and their war against Spanish authority lasted between the years 1537 and 1572.

The situation amongst the ''conquistadores'' was not harmonic on the other hand, the rivalry between Pizarro and Diego de Almagro over the city of Cuzco (and later the new capitol, Lima) and fact that the partition of the lands were more in favour of Pizarro than the latter ended in what is known as the Wars of the Conquistadores amongst the two and all who supported either of them, this war was carried on by the brothers and familiars of Pizarro and Almagro, lasting between 1537 and 1546.

Meanwhile, Charles the First of Spain was not amused with the actions of the ''conquistadores'', who made themselves warlords and dukes of the conquered territory and literally worked to death the indigenous population, as well as the execution of Atahualpa by a lesser man, which was an outrage amongst the court, eventually, and, by the aid of Bartolome de las Casas, who was horrified by the abuse of the ''conquistadores'' towards the indigenous people, promulgated the New Laws (Leyes Nuevas) which put an end to the system of ''Encomiendas'', which were hereditary territorial possessions of the ''conquistadores'', and paved the way to the Viceroyalty system.

The Viceroyalty period is equated as the Middle Ages of the American territories in control of Spain due to the development of a feudal-like system of land owning and the revival of titles and jobs not used in the Peninsula for being outdated, there was also the interaction between the local nobles or leaders who found themselves competing or collaborating with the new government. It must be noted as well that the Spanish kings didn't see themselves disturbing the continuity of the previous rulers and advocated to the concept of ''Translatio Imperii'' to justify their rule of the American Kingdoms.

The Viceroyalty itself was a system used [[OlderThanTheyThink before the establishment of the American holdings]] and served as well to rule the other kingdoms attached to the Spanish crown -Aragon, Napoles and eventually Portugal-, in general, it has two periods that reflect the approaches of the ruling dynasties.

Classically, it is said that the Inca Empire peacefully died right the moment Atahualpa was killed, which is a '''BIG''' misconception debunked as early as the time of the first chronicles made by the friars or the writings of Creator/IncaGarcilasoDeLaVega, the truth is that after his death, Atahualpa's other generals continued the fight against the Spaniards, however, the Spanish were evermore aided by various indigenous people who saw in them a chance to free themselves from the Tawantinsuyu and, ironically, the Inca elite who had been enemies of Atahualpa. Eventually, this would lead to the coronations of puppet rulers such as Túpac Hualpa, who died three months after his coronation, and Manco Inca who was another brother of Túpac Hualpa and Atahualpa.

Atahualpa was to be killed in the pyre for the crimes of idolatry, polygamy, incest and the execution of his brother Huascar, the latter point being one of dubious certainty given that he indeed died but is not known if it was by the direct command of Atahualpa, and the formers being extrajudicial accusations given that he was not part of the Spanish Empire and he couldn't be judged by under its law (given however that this was not a veridic trial and more of an excuse to have him killed it mattered little). Atahualpa made one last request and asked to be baptised so he would die by the garrote vil instead, a tool of strangling; baptised as Francisco, he was executed the 26th of July of 1533.