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Spelling/grammar fix(es)
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** MBBS - a family physician / general practitioner aka “Internal Medicine” as it is known in ‘Murcia. This is used to distinguish them from “specialists” and surgeons.
to:
** MBBS - a family physician / general practitioner aka “Internal Medicine” as it is known in ‘Murcia.‘Murica. This is used to distinguish them from “specialists” and surgeons.
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adding a disambiguation of pronunciation
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* '''Punjabi''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], spoken mainly in the state of Punjab (and in Pakistani Punjab across the border). It has 34 million speakers in India and about 120 million worldwide. It's the only Indo-European language to be fully tonal, which makes it very sing-song-y and thus a haven for composers; if popular Indian music isn't in Hindi, it's often in Punjabi.
to:
* '''Punjabi''' '''Punjabi'''[[note]]"pun," not "poon"[[/note]] [-''(Indo-European)''-], spoken mainly in the state of Punjab (and in Pakistani Punjab across the border). It has 34 million speakers in India and about 120 million worldwide. It's the only Indo-European language to be fully tonal, which makes it very sing-song-y and thus a haven for composers; if popular Indian music isn't in Hindi, it's often in Punjabi.
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** Guest House - the equivalent of a Bed and Breakfast. Alternatively, it is a residence that is converted into a “lodge” ie an inn without any restaurant attached.
to:
** Guest House - the equivalent of a Bed and Breakfast. Alternatively, it is a residence that is converted into a “lodge” ie “lodge,” i.e. an inn without any restaurant attached.
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** Jawaan - soldier, or Armed Police (armed with an assault rifle and wearing combat gear, instead of the baton-weilding “khakis”). From Urdu/Persian meaning “young man”. Note that the Army never uses that phrase; the word “sipahi” or sepoy is used instead.
to:
** Jawaan - soldier, or Armed Police (armed with an assault rifle and wearing combat gear, instead of the baton-weilding baton-wielding “khakis”). From Urdu/Persian meaning “young man”. Note that the Army never uses that phrase; the word “sipahi” or sepoy is used instead.
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** Lord “god’s name” - People are often named after gods, so it would be pretty common for guys to have names such as Vishnu, Shiva, Ram, Krishna, Ganesh etc. To distinguish between the god and someone named after the god, the prefix Lord is used.
to:
** Lord “god’s name” - People are often named after gods, so it would be pretty common for guys to have names such as Vishnu, Shiva, Ram, Krishna, Ganesh Ganesh, etc. To distinguish between the god and someone named after the god, the prefix Lord is used.
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dewicking disambiguation page
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** Batman - also used in other Commonwealth countries as well as Britain, this term refers to an enlisted man assigned to a senior officer as a personal assistant or attendant a.k.a. butler. Therefore, Alfred is sometimes referred to as Franchise/{{Batman}}’s [[JustForPun batman]].
to:
** Batman - also used in other Commonwealth countries as well as Britain, this term refers to an enlisted man assigned to a senior officer as a personal assistant or attendant a.k.a. butler. Therefore, Alfred is sometimes referred to as Franchise/{{Batman}}’s [[JustForPun batman]].batman.
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None
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* '''Sanskrit''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], considered the language of antiquity in the Indian subcontinent, same as Latin and Classical Greek in non-slavic Europe. It is NotQuiteDead as still quite common for students to learn it in school (and is also the favorite of overbearing Indian {{Education Mama}}s), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit. Finally, there is a single village in the state of Karnataka which uses Sanskrit as its first language. Young Indian students don't struggle with it as much as European students do with Latin (partly because it's easier, and partly because [[SophisticatedAsHell it has some nice insults]]). It is also the "official language" of the state of Uttarkhand (although no one really thinks of it that way, with Braj Hindi being the actual spoken dialect).
to:
* '''Sanskrit''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], considered the language of antiquity in the Indian subcontinent, same as Latin and Classical Greek in non-slavic non-Slavic Europe. It is NotQuiteDead as still quite common for students to learn it in school (and is also the favorite of overbearing Indian {{Education Mama}}s), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit. Finally, there is a single village in the state of Karnataka which uses Sanskrit as its first language. Young Indian students don't struggle with it as much as European students do with Latin (partly because it's easier, and partly because [[SophisticatedAsHell it has some nice insults]]). It is also the "official language" of the state of Uttarkhand (although no one really thinks of it that way, with Braj Hindi being the actual spoken dialect).
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None
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* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], which is still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting words and phrases of its own. These are:-
to:
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], which is still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting words and phrases of its own. These are:-are:
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None
Changed line(s) 50 (click to see context) from:
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], which is still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting phrases and idioms of its own. These are:-
to:
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], which is still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting words and phrases and idioms of its own. These are:-
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None
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Each of the UsefulNotes/IndianStatesAndUnionTerritories will typically select an official language, which is usually (but not always) the language spoken by the majority of the population. For some states, it's pretty easy, because their borders are defined by linguistic and ethnic divisions (more or less). For other states, it's a lot harder, particularly in the cosmopolitan West (with lots of people moving there from other parts of India) and the very diverse Northeast (where states tend to be made up of many small subgroups, all with their own language). Near state borders, people will speak the languages of both states, or even dialects that are mixtures of the two languages. Those who cross state lines often, like truck drivers, will know several languages. Otherwise, either Hindi or English is used when two people from different parts of the country need to communicate.
to:
Each of the UsefulNotes/IndianStatesAndUnionTerritories will typically select an official language, which is usually (but not always) the language spoken by the majority of the population. For some states, it's pretty easy, because their borders are defined by linguistic and ethnic divisions (more or less). For other states, it's a lot harder, particularly in the cosmopolitan West (with lots of people moving there from other parts of India) and the very diverse Northeast (where states tend to be made up of many small subgroups, all with their own language). Near state borders, people will speak the languages of both states, or even dialects that are mixtures of the two languages. Those who cross state lines often, like truck drivers, will know several languages. Otherwise, Usually, either Hindi Hindustani or English is used when in communications by two people from different parts of the country need to communicate.India.
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!Central and Northern Languages
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* '''Hindustani''' [-''(Indo-European)''-] is a term used to define two mutually intellegible languages--both technically of the Central Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages--'''Hindi''' and '''Urdu'''. The main difference is that Hindi is spoken mostly by Hindus and Urdu is spoken mostly by Muslims. Other than that, they're basically mutually intelligible, and it's debatable whether they're separate languages at all. The main differences also trace themselves to the religious divide: Hindi is spoken in India and Urdu is spoken in Pakistan (but their partition was largely along religious lines anyway), Hindi is written in Devanagari and Urdu is written in Arabic (same as their respective religions' main languages), and Hindi's literary and technical register borrows more from Sanskrit whereas Urdu's borrows more from Arabic (and sometimes Farsi). Hindi is the most commonly spoken and best-known language in India; it's taught as a first or second language throughout India and used as a ''lingua franca'' by the government (but isn't the national language because other ethnic groups were afraid of losing employment opportunities to native Hindi speakers -- it's instead the "Official Language of the Union"). That said, Hindi is less prominent the further you get away from northern central India, and the [[YourTerroristsAreOurFreedomFighters most extreme separatist movements]] suppress the use of Hindi, seeing it as the language of a majoritarian oppressor. There are however, many regional variations of Hindi, listed as follows
** '''Braj Bhaasha''' - a more rural version of Hindi spoken primarily in the Braj region comprising present day Uttarkhand.
** '''Khadi Boli''' - spoken primarily in the area around Delhi, Central and Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab, this is the standard version of Hindi that is used in film and TV. Can be considered Hindi’s equivalent of RP English.
** '''Chattisgarhi''' - spoken in Central India primarily in the Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh area. Note that Hindi speakers in the nearby Maharashtra and Gujarat areas as well as Southern India speak standard “Khadi boli” Hindi, since they often learn it in school or the media instead of at home.
** '''Bihari''' - various versions spoken in Southern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand, with some non-native speakers in the Orissa region. This version of Hindi has achieved notoriety due to its use by controversial politician Laloo Prasad Yadav. '''Maithili''', a version of Bihari, has been recognised as a scheduled language in its own right.
** '''Pahaadi''' - translates to “mountain speak”, this dialect is spoken primarily in the Himachal Pradesh region.
** '''Haryaanvi''' - spoken in Haryana, the state on the eastern border of Delhi.
** '''Rajasthani''' - spoken in the desert region of Rajasthan, Western Punjab and Western MP.
* '''Sanskrit''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], considered the language of antiquity in the Indian subcontinent, same as Latin and Classical Greek in non-slavic Europe. It is NotQuiteDead as still quite common for students to learn it in school (and is also the favorite of overbearing Indian {{Education Mama}}s), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit. Finally, there is a single village in the state of Karnataka which uses Sanskrit as its first language. Young Indian students don't struggle with it as much as European students do with Latin (partly because it's easier, and partly because [[SophisticatedAsHell it has some nice insults]]). It is also the "official language" of the state of Uttarkhand (although no one really thinks of it that way, with Braj Hindi being the actual spoken dialect).
!Central and
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!Western Languages
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!Whole India
* '''Hindustani''' [-''(Indo-European)''-] is a term used to define two very closely related languages--both technically of the Central Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages--'''Hindi''' and '''Urdu'''. The main difference is that Hindi is spoken mostly by Hindus and Urdu is spoken mostly by Muslims. Other than that, they're basically mutually intelligible, and it's debatable whether they're separate languages at all. The main differences also trace themselves to the religious divide: Hindi is spoken in India and Urdu is spoken in Pakistan (but their partition was largely along religious lines anyway), Hindi is written in Devanagari and Urdu is written in Arabic (same as their respective religions' main languages), and Hindi's literary and technical register borrows more from Sanskrit whereas Urdu's borrows more from Arabic (and sometimes Farsi). Hindi is the most commonly spoken and best-known language in India; it's taught as a first or second language throughout India and used as a ''lingua franca'' by the government (but isn't the national language because other ethnic groups were afraid of losing employment opportunities to native Hindi speakers -- it's instead the "Official Language of the Union"). That said, Hindi is less prominent the further you get away from northern central India, and the [[YourTerroristsAreOurFreedomFighters most extreme separatist movements]] suppress the use of Hindi, seeing it as the language of a majoritarian oppressor. There are however, many regional variations of Hindi, listed as follows
** '''Braj Bhaasha''' - a more rural version of Hindi spoken primarily in the Braj region comprising present day Uttarkhand.
** '''Khadi Boli''' - spoken primarily in the area around Delhi, Central and Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab, this is the standard version of Hindi that is used in film and TV. Can be considered Hindi’s equivalent of RP English.
** '''Chattisgarhi''' - spoken in Central India primarily in the Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh area. Note that Hindi speakers in the nearby Maharashtra and Gujarat areas as well as Southern India speak standard “Khadi boli” Hindi, since they often learn it in school or the media instead of at home.
** '''Bihari''' - various versions spoken in Southern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand, with some non-native speakers in the Orissa region. This version of Hindi has achieved notoriety due to its use by controversial politician Laloo Prasad Yadav. '''Maithili''', a version of Bihari, has been recognised as a scheduled language in its own right.
** '''Pahaadi''' - translates to “mountain speak”, this dialect is spoken primarily in the Himachal Pradesh region.
** '''Haryaanvi''' - spoken in Haryana, the state on the eastern border of Delhi.
** '''Rajasthani''' - spoken in the desert region of Rajasthan, Western Punjab and Western MP.
* '''Sanskrit''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], considered the dead language of antiquity of the Indian subcontinent, serving much the same role Latin did for most of Europe. Except it's NotQuiteDead; it's still quite common for students to learn it in school (and is also the favorite of overbearing Indian {{Education Mama}}s), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit. Finally, there is a single village in the state of Karnataka which uses Sanskrit as its first language. Young Indian students don't struggle with it as much as European students do with Latin (partly because it's easier, and partly because [[SophisticatedAsHell it has some nice insults]]). It is also the "official language" of the state of Uttarkhand (although no one really thinks of it that way, with Braj Hindi being the actual spoken dialect).
!Foreign language
* '''Hindustani''' [-''(Indo-European)''-] is a term used to define two very closely related languages--both technically of the Central Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages--'''Hindi''' and '''Urdu'''. The main difference is that Hindi is spoken mostly by Hindus and Urdu is spoken mostly by Muslims. Other than that, they're basically mutually intelligible, and it's debatable whether they're separate languages at all. The main differences also trace themselves to the religious divide: Hindi is spoken in India and Urdu is spoken in Pakistan (but their partition was largely along religious lines anyway), Hindi is written in Devanagari and Urdu is written in Arabic (same as their respective religions' main languages), and Hindi's literary and technical register borrows more from Sanskrit whereas Urdu's borrows more from Arabic (and sometimes Farsi). Hindi is the most commonly spoken and best-known language in India; it's taught as a first or second language throughout India and used as a ''lingua franca'' by the government (but isn't the national language because other ethnic groups were afraid of losing employment opportunities to native Hindi speakers -- it's instead the "Official Language of the Union"). That said, Hindi is less prominent the further you get away from northern central India, and the [[YourTerroristsAreOurFreedomFighters most extreme separatist movements]] suppress the use of Hindi, seeing it as the language of a majoritarian oppressor. There are however, many regional variations of Hindi, listed as follows
** '''Braj Bhaasha''' - a more rural version of Hindi spoken primarily in the Braj region comprising present day Uttarkhand.
** '''Khadi Boli''' - spoken primarily in the area around Delhi, Central and Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab, this is the standard version of Hindi that is used in film and TV. Can be considered Hindi’s equivalent of RP English.
** '''Chattisgarhi''' - spoken in Central India primarily in the Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh area. Note that Hindi speakers in the nearby Maharashtra and Gujarat areas as well as Southern India speak standard “Khadi boli” Hindi, since they often learn it in school or the media instead of at home.
** '''Bihari''' - various versions spoken in Southern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand, with some non-native speakers in the Orissa region. This version of Hindi has achieved notoriety due to its use by controversial politician Laloo Prasad Yadav. '''Maithili''', a version of Bihari, has been recognised as a scheduled language in its own right.
** '''Pahaadi''' - translates to “mountain speak”, this dialect is spoken primarily in the Himachal Pradesh region.
** '''Haryaanvi''' - spoken in Haryana, the state on the eastern border of Delhi.
** '''Rajasthani''' - spoken in the desert region of Rajasthan, Western Punjab and Western MP.
* '''Sanskrit''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], considered the dead language of antiquity of the Indian subcontinent, serving much the same role Latin did for most of Europe. Except it's NotQuiteDead; it's still quite common for students to learn it in school (and is also the favorite of overbearing Indian {{Education Mama}}s), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit. Finally, there is a single village in the state of Karnataka which uses Sanskrit as its first language. Young Indian students don't struggle with it as much as European students do with Latin (partly because it's easier, and partly because [[SophisticatedAsHell it has some nice insults]]). It is also the "official language" of the state of Uttarkhand (although no one really thinks of it that way, with Braj Hindi being the actual spoken dialect).
!Foreign language
to:
* '''Hindustani''' [-''(Indo-European)''-] is a term used to define two very closely related languages--both technically of the Central Zone of the Indo-Aryan languages--'''Hindi''' and '''Urdu'''. The main difference is that Hindi is spoken mostly by Hindus and Urdu is spoken mostly by Muslims. Other than that, they're basically mutually intelligible, and it's debatable whether they're separate languages at all. The main differences also trace themselves to the religious divide: Hindi is spoken in India and Urdu is spoken in Pakistan (but their partition was largely along religious lines anyway), Hindi is written in Devanagari and Urdu is written in Arabic (same as their respective religions' main languages), and Hindi's literary and technical register borrows more from Sanskrit whereas Urdu's borrows more from Arabic (and sometimes Farsi). Hindi is the most commonly spoken and best-known language in India; it's taught as a first or second language throughout India and used as a ''lingua franca'' by the government (but isn't the national language because other ethnic groups were afraid of losing employment opportunities to native Hindi speakers -- it's instead the "Official Language of the Union"). That said, Hindi is less prominent the further you get away from northern central India, and the [[YourTerroristsAreOurFreedomFighters most extreme separatist movements]] suppress the use of Hindi, seeing it as the language of a majoritarian oppressor. There are however, many regional variations of Hindi, listed as follows
** '''Braj Bhaasha''' - a more rural version of Hindi spoken primarily in the Braj region comprising present day Uttarkhand.
** '''Khadi Boli''' - spoken primarily in the area around Delhi, Central and Western Uttar Pradesh and Punjab, this is the standard version of Hindi that is used in film and TV. Can be considered Hindi’s equivalent of RP English.
** '''Chattisgarhi''' - spoken in Central India primarily in the Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh area. Note that Hindi speakers in the nearby Maharashtra and Gujarat areas as well as Southern India speak standard “Khadi boli” Hindi, since they often learn it in school or the media instead of at home.
** '''Bihari''' - various versions spoken in Southern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand, with some non-native speakers in the Orissa region. This version of Hindi has achieved notoriety due to its use by controversial politician Laloo Prasad Yadav. '''Maithili''', a version of Bihari, has been recognised as a scheduled language in its own right.
** '''Pahaadi''' - translates to “mountain speak”, this dialect is spoken primarily in the Himachal Pradesh region.
** '''Haryaanvi''' - spoken in Haryana, the state on the eastern border of Delhi.
** '''Rajasthani''' - spoken in the desert region of Rajasthan, Western Punjab and Western MP.
* '''Sanskrit''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], considered the dead language of antiquity of the Indian subcontinent, serving much the same role Latin did for most of Europe. Except it's NotQuiteDead; it's still quite common for students to learn it in school (and is also the favorite of overbearing Indian {{Education Mama}}s), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit. Finally, there is a single village in the state of Karnataka which uses Sanskrit as its first language. Young Indian students don't struggle with it as much as European students do with Latin (partly because it's easier, and partly because [[SophisticatedAsHell it has some nice insults]]). It is also the "official language" of the state of Uttarkhand (although no one really thinks of it that way, with Braj Hindi being the actual spoken dialect).
!Foreign language
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[[hardline]]
[[WMG:Central and Northern Languages]]
[[WMG:Central and Northern Languages]]
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[[WMG:Central
!Central and Northern
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[[WMG:Western Languages]]
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[[WMG:Eastern Languages]]
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[[WMG:Southern Languages]]
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[[WMG:North-Eastern Languages]]
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[[WMG:Not Regionally affiliated]]
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!Foreign language
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'zh' in Malayalam is used for a retroflex approximant, it sounds nothing like the j in "Jacques".
Changed line(s) 29 (click to see context) from:
* '''Malayalam''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 33 million Malayalees, or "Mallus", in the state of Kerala and the territory of Lakshadweep. Its grammar and vocabulary borrow mainly from Tamil and Sanskrit, with a quite large number of loanwords from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Danish/German and English. Varying the Tamil to Sanskrit ratio can make Malayalam either very soft and vowel/nasal heavy, or very harsh with heavy use of consonants - this is often used in music and poetry to give a sort of contrast. Its reputation as the hardest Indian language to learn is not helped by its unique sounds [[note]]such as 'zh', which is somewhat similar to the French 'J' in Jacques.[[/note]]. Malayalam is distinctive enough (along with the culture that speaks it) to occasionally show up in other Indian language media as a TokenMinority. If a fictional Indian has an OverlyLongName, it's probably (unwittingly) a parody of Malayalam names.
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* '''Malayalam''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 33 million Malayalees, or "Mallus", in the state of Kerala and the territory of Lakshadweep. Its grammar and vocabulary borrow mainly from Tamil and Sanskrit, with a quite large number of loanwords from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Danish/German and English. Varying the Tamil to Sanskrit ratio can make Malayalam either very soft and vowel/nasal heavy, or very harsh with heavy use of consonants - this is often used in music and poetry to give a sort of contrast. Its reputation as the hardest Indian language to learn is not helped by its unique sounds [[note]]such as 'zh', which is somewhat similar to the French 'J' in Jacques.[[/note]].sounds. Malayalam is distinctive enough (along with the culture that speaks it) to occasionally show up in other Indian language media as a TokenMinority. If a fictional Indian has an OverlyLongName, it's probably (unwittingly) a parody of Malayalam names.
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dewicked Angry Black Man
Changed line(s) 30 (click to see context) from:
* '''Tamil''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 61 million Tamils in the state of Tamil Nadu and around the world in various countries (it is one of Sri Lanka's two official languages, and one of UsefulNotes/{{Singapore}}'s four official languages). It has 'classical language' status, and is often said to be the Indian language with the least Sanskrit influence.[[note]]That said, there are still a lot of Sanskrit loanwoards and inflectional structures in Tamil.[[/note]] Native Tamils are famous for their ethno-linguistic pride and are known to be protective of their linguistic rights, having resisted (to various degrees of success) assimilation into the rest of India for centuries. (Unfortunately, this pride sometimes leads to the [[AngryBlackMan Angry Tamil Man]] stereotype.)
to:
* '''Tamil''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 61 million Tamils in the state of Tamil Nadu and around the world in various countries (it is one of Sri Lanka's two official languages, and one of UsefulNotes/{{Singapore}}'s four official languages). It has 'classical language' status, and is often said to be the Indian language with the least Sanskrit influence.[[note]]That said, there are still a lot of Sanskrit loanwoards and inflectional structures in Tamil.[[/note]] Native Tamils are famous for their ethno-linguistic pride and are known to be protective of their linguistic rights, having resisted (to various degrees of success) assimilation into the rest of India for centuries. (Unfortunately, this pride sometimes leads to the [[AngryBlackMan [[AngryBlackManStereotype Angry Tamil Man]] stereotype.)Man Stereotype.]])
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Manipuri is also called Meitei
Changed line(s) 36 (click to see context) from:
* '''Manipuri''' [-''(Sino-Tibetan)''-], spoken by 1.5 million people in the state of Manipur.
to:
* '''Manipuri''' '''Manipuri'''/'''Meitei''' [-''(Sino-Tibetan)''-], spoken by 1.5 million people in the state of Manipur.
Changed line(s) 57 (click to see context) from:
** Batman - also used in other Commonwealth countries as well as Britain, this term refers to an enlisted man assigned to a senior officer as a personal assistant or attendant aka butler. Therefore, Alfred is sometimes referred to as Franchise/{{Batman}}’s [[JustForPun batman]].
to:
** Batman - also used in other Commonwealth countries as well as Britain, this term refers to an enlisted man assigned to a senior officer as a personal assistant or attendant aka a.k.a. butler. Therefore, Alfred is sometimes referred to as Franchise/{{Batman}}’s [[JustForPun batman]].
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None
Changed line(s) 66 (click to see context) from:
** Convent/Convented - a Christian (usually catholic) run girls school. A graduate of such a school is stated as “convented” particularly during the seeking of matrimonial arrangements. Implies a better understanding of English and more urbane.
to:
** Convent/Convented - a Christian (usually catholic) Catholic) run girls school. A graduate of such a school is stated as “convented” particularly during the seeking of matrimonial arrangements. Implies a better understanding of English and more urbane.
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Language doesn't work that way.
Changed line(s) 30 (click to see context) from:
* '''Tamil''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 61 million Tamils in the state of Tamil Nadu and around the world in various countries (it is one of Sri Lanka's two official languages, and one of UsefulNotes/{{Singapore}}'s four official languages). One of India's oldest languages, it has 'classical language' status, and is often said to be the Indian language with the least Sanskrit influence.[[note]]That said, there are still a lot of Sanskrit loanwoards and inflectional structures in Tamil.[[/note]] Native Tamils are famous for their ethno-linguistic pride and are known to be protective of their linguistic rights, having resisted (to various degrees of success) assimilation into the rest of India for centuries. (Unfortunately, this pride sometimes leads to the [[AngryBlackMan Angry Tamil Man]] stereotype.)
to:
* '''Tamil''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 61 million Tamils in the state of Tamil Nadu and around the world in various countries (it is one of Sri Lanka's two official languages, and one of UsefulNotes/{{Singapore}}'s four official languages). One of India's oldest languages, it It has 'classical language' status, and is often said to be the Indian language with the least Sanskrit influence.[[note]]That said, there are still a lot of Sanskrit loanwoards and inflectional structures in Tamil.[[/note]] Native Tamils are famous for their ethno-linguistic pride and are known to be protective of their linguistic rights, having resisted (to various degrees of success) assimilation into the rest of India for centuries. (Unfortunately, this pride sometimes leads to the [[AngryBlackMan Angry Tamil Man]] stereotype.)
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None
Changed line(s) 49 (click to see context) from:
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], an [[SarcasmMode obscure West Germanic language that some Tropers may be familiar with]]. It's still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting phrases and idioms of its own. These are:-
to:
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], an [[SarcasmMode obscure West Germanic language that some Tropers may be familiar with]]. It's which is still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting phrases and idioms of its own. These are:-
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** Hill station - Owing to India’s tropical hot climate, certain locations in the mountains such as Nanital, Darjeeling, Mussouri, Kulu Manali or in foothills such as Kodaikanal, Udagamandalam (Ooty) etc function as summertime vacation spots due to cooler temperatures. For obvious reasons, winter is the off season in these places. They are called “hill stations” due to them being designated as summer retreat locations for British colonial overlords.
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** Hill station - Owing to India’s tropical hot climate, certain locations in the mountains such as Nanital, Darjeeling, Mussouri, Kulu Manali or in foothills such as Kodaikanal, Udagamandalam (Ooty) etc function as summertime vacation spots due to cooler temperatures. These were common across all the old European powers' colonial empires (e.g. the French had several hill stations in North Africa, including one--Ifrane in UsefulNotes/{{Morocco}}--that was so far uphill it was also a ski resort with Swiss-style chalets). For obvious reasons, winter is the off season in these places. They are called “hill stations” due to them being designated as summer retreat locations for British colonial overlords.
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** Masth - A state of increased agitation and aggression that elephant males go into during the mating season. This is seen as abnormal, and an elephant afflicted by this is dubbed a “mad elephant” or “in Masth”.
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** Masth - A state of increased agitation and aggression that elephant males go into during the mating season. This is seen as abnormal, and an elephant afflicted by this is dubbed a “mad elephant” or “in Masth”. The term is generally accepted in zoological circles for all elephants (Indian and African), though it's usually spelled ''musth'' outside India.
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** Hill station - Owing to India’s tropical hot climate, certain locations in the mountains such as Nanital, Darjeeling, Mussouri, Kulu Manali or in foothills such as Kodaikanal, Udagamandalam (Ooty) etc function as summertime vacation spots due to cooler temperatures. For obvious reasons, winter is the off season in these places. They are called “hill stations” due to them being designated as summer retreat locations for British colonial overlords.
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** Sardar - an informal term for a Sikh gentleman. From the Hindi term for “battlefield commander”.
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** Sardar Sardar(ji) - an informal term for a Sikh gentleman. From the Hindi term for “battlefield commander”.
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** Sardar - an informal term for a Sikh gentleman. From the Hindi term for “battlefield commander”.
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** Bandh/Bundh - labor strike. From the Hindi word for “close” as most shops and businesses have no option but to shut down during these strikes for safety reasons.
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** Babu - originally a Hindi honorific used for educated men who worked as low level administrators during colonial times. Now used as a derisive term for an ObstructiveBureaucrat government employee.
** Bandh/Bundh - labor strike. From the Hindi word for “close” as most shops and businesses have no option but to shut down during these strikes for safety reasons.
** Bandh/Bundh - labor strike. From the Hindi word for “close” as most shops and businesses have no option but to shut down during these strikes for safety reasons.
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** 420 - A con man. From Section 420 of the [[UsefulNotes/IndianLaws Indian Penal Code]], which covers all forms of cheating.
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** Aiyo or Aiyaiyo - An expression indicating great despair. Used only in South India, although North Indians sometimes use that phrase to mock South Indians.
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** KD - A con man or a thief. From the colonial era Imperial Police Service acronym KD for “Known Delinquent/Dacoit/Depredator”.
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** OC - Obtained for free. From colonial days when postal and courier services between East India Company outposts was free, provided the letter or package was marked with an “On Company Service” or OCS stamp. Indians hired as servants or low level clerks started gaming this system to send personal items “OCS” and later “OC”. Hence anything obtained for free is OC.
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** Bandh/Bundh - labor strike. From the Hindi word for “close”.
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** Bandh/Bundh - labor strike. From the Hindi word for “close”.“close” as most shops and businesses have no option but to shut down during these strikes for safety reasons.
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** Dacoit - an armed robber, particularly one involved in home invasions or highway robbery.
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** Dacoit - an armed robber, particularly one involved in home invasions or highway robbery. From the Hindi word “dakoo”.
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** Junior College - Junior and Senior year of high school. [[note: Some Indian states treat the final two years of school as part of college, and call it 'Junior College'. Others treat it as part of school and call it 'Higher Secondary School'.]]
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** Junior College - Junior and Senior year of high school. [[note: Some [[note]]Some Indian states treat the final two years of school as part of college, and call it 'Junior College'. Others treat it as part of school and call it 'Higher Secondary School'.]] [[/note]]
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** Tiffin: This word, derived from the British slang word “tiffing” for having afternoon tea has different meanings. It originally meant a mid afternoon snack, but later came to mean “breakfast” in South, Westband Central India. In Mumbai, tiffin also means “boxed lunch” but in more recent times has come to mean the box that a boxed lunch is carried in. A “tiffinwallah” is one of Mumbai’s famed lunchbox delivery men.
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** Tiffin: This word, derived from the British slang word “tiffing” for having afternoon tea has different meanings. It originally meant a mid afternoon snack, but later came to mean “breakfast” in South, Westband West and Central India. In Mumbai, tiffin also means “boxed lunch” but in more recent times has come to mean the box that a boxed lunch is carried in. A “tiffinwallah” is one of Mumbai’s famed lunchbox delivery men.
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** Guest House - the equivalent of a Bed and Breakfast. Alternatively, it is a residence that is converted into a “lodge” ie an inn without any restaurant attached.
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*** In India, a restaurant was typically called a “hotel”. An actual hotel which rented rooms to travelers would once be characterized as either a “lodge” or “boarding and lodging”. A “lodge” would offer rooms for rent, but wouldn’t provide any food. A “lodge” with an attached restaurant would be called “boarding and lodging”.
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** PG or Paying Guest - Someone who sublets a room at a residence. This is often a cheaper alternative to renting an entire house for young people just starting out in their career.
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formatting
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* '''Malayalam''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 33 million Malayalees, or "Mallus", in the state of Kerala and the territory of Lakshadweep. Its grammar and vocabulary borrow mainly from Tamil and Sanskrit, with a quite large number of loanwords from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Danish/German and English. Varying the Tamil to Sanskrit ratio can make Malayalam either very soft and vowel/nasal heavy, or very harsh with heavy use of consonants - this is often used in music and poetry to give a sort of contrast. Its reputation as the hardest Indian language to learn is not helped by its unique sounds [[note:such as 'zh', which is somewhat similar to the French 'J' in Jacques.]]. Malayalam is distinctive enough (along with the culture that speaks it) to occasionally show up in other Indian language media as a TokenMinority. If a fictional Indian has an OverlyLongName, it's probably (unwittingly) a parody of Malayalam names.
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* '''Malayalam''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 33 million Malayalees, or "Mallus", in the state of Kerala and the territory of Lakshadweep. Its grammar and vocabulary borrow mainly from Tamil and Sanskrit, with a quite large number of loanwords from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Danish/German and English. Varying the Tamil to Sanskrit ratio can make Malayalam either very soft and vowel/nasal heavy, or very harsh with heavy use of consonants - this is often used in music and poetry to give a sort of contrast. Its reputation as the hardest Indian language to learn is not helped by its unique sounds [[note:such [[note]]such as 'zh', which is somewhat similar to the French 'J' in Jacques.]].[[/note]]. Malayalam is distinctive enough (along with the culture that speaks it) to occasionally show up in other Indian language media as a TokenMinority. If a fictional Indian has an OverlyLongName, it's probably (unwittingly) a parody of Malayalam names.
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** Prepone (opposite of postpone)
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** Prepone (opposite - opposite of postpone)postpone
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typos, grammar, rearranged Indian English words, rewrote some languages' sections
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* '''Kannada''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 40 million "Kannadigas" mainly in the state of Karnataka. It has attained the status of a classical language.
* '''Malayalam''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 33 million Malayalees, or "Mallus", in the state of Kerala and the territory of Lakshadweep. Its heavy use of consonants makes it sound very harsh to those who aren't used to it and contributes to its reputation as the hardest Indian language to learn. It's distinctive enough (along with the culture that speaks it) to occasionally show up in other Indian language media as a TokenMinority. If a fictional Indian has an OverlyLongName, it's probably (unwittingly) a parody of Malayalam names.
* '''Tamil''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 61 million Tamils in the state of Tamil Nadu and around the world in various countries (it's one of UsefulNotes/{{Singapore}}'s four official languages). It's closely related to Malayalam and also uses a lot of consonants (that can change on you on a dime). It has attained classical language status, and it's often said to be the Indian language with the least Sanskrit influence.[[note]]That said, there's still a lot Sanskrit loanwoards and inflectional structures in Tamil, so it's more related to Sanskrit than most other languages in the world.[[/note]] Native Tamils are famous for their ethno-linguistic pride and are known to be protective of their linguistic rights, having resisted (to various degrees of success) assimilation into the rest of India for centuries. (Unfortunately, this pride sometimes leads to the [[AngryBlackMan Angry Tamil Man]] stereotype.)
* '''Malayalam''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 33 million Malayalees, or "Mallus", in the state of Kerala and the territory of Lakshadweep. Its heavy use of consonants makes it sound very harsh to those who aren't used to it and contributes to its reputation as the hardest Indian language to learn. It's distinctive enough (along with the culture that speaks it) to occasionally show up in other Indian language media as a TokenMinority. If a fictional Indian has an OverlyLongName, it's probably (unwittingly) a parody of Malayalam names.
* '''Tamil''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 61 million Tamils in the state of Tamil Nadu and around the world in various countries (it's one of UsefulNotes/{{Singapore}}'s four official languages). It's closely related to Malayalam and also uses a lot of consonants (that can change on you on a dime). It has attained classical language status, and it's often said to be the Indian language with the least Sanskrit influence.[[note]]That said, there's still a lot Sanskrit loanwoards and inflectional structures in Tamil, so it's more related to Sanskrit than most other languages in the world.[[/note]] Native Tamils are famous for their ethno-linguistic pride and are known to be protective of their linguistic rights, having resisted (to various degrees of success) assimilation into the rest of India for centuries. (Unfortunately, this pride sometimes leads to the [[AngryBlackMan Angry Tamil Man]] stereotype.)
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* '''Kannada''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 40 million "Kannadigas" mainly in the state of Karnataka. It has attained the status of a classical language.
language. Kannada dialects vary not only by region, but also by caste - meaning that two people in the same village may speak two different (but mutually intelligible) dialects. The state of Karnataka also has two smaller languages - Tulu and Byari - that use the Kannada script, and are closely related to Kannada.
* '''Malayalam''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 33 million Malayalees, or "Mallus", in the state of Kerala and the territory of Lakshadweep. Its grammar and vocabulary borrow mainly from Tamil and Sanskrit, with a quite large number of loanwords from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Danish/German and English. Varying the Tamil to Sanskrit ratio can make Malayalam either very soft and vowel/nasal heavy, or very harsh with heavy use of consonantsmakes it sound very harsh to those who aren't - this is often used to it in music and contributes poetry to its give a sort of contrast. Its reputation as the hardest Indian language to learn. It's learn is not helped by its unique sounds [[note:such as 'zh', which is somewhat similar to the French 'J' in Jacques.]]. Malayalam is distinctive enough (along with the culture that speaks it) to occasionally show up in other Indian language media as a TokenMinority. If a fictional Indian has an OverlyLongName, it's probably (unwittingly) a parody of Malayalam names.
* '''Tamil''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 61 million Tamils in the state of Tamil Nadu and around the world in various countries(it's (it is one of Sri Lanka's two official languages, and one of UsefulNotes/{{Singapore}}'s four official languages). It's closely related to Malayalam and also uses a lot One of consonants (that can change on you on a dime). It India's oldest languages, it has attained classical language 'classical language' status, and it's is often said to be the Indian language with the least Sanskrit influence.[[note]]That said, there's there are still a lot of Sanskrit loanwoards and inflectional structures in Tamil, so it's more related to Sanskrit than most other languages in the world.Tamil.[[/note]] Native Tamils are famous for their ethno-linguistic pride and are known to be protective of their linguistic rights, having resisted (to various degrees of success) assimilation into the rest of India for centuries. (Unfortunately, this pride sometimes leads to the [[AngryBlackMan Angry Tamil Man]] stereotype.)
* '''Malayalam''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 33 million Malayalees, or "Mallus", in the state of Kerala and the territory of Lakshadweep. Its grammar and vocabulary borrow mainly from Tamil and Sanskrit, with a quite large number of loanwords from Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Danish/German and English. Varying the Tamil to Sanskrit ratio can make Malayalam either very soft and vowel/nasal heavy, or very harsh with heavy use of consonants
* '''Tamil''' [-''(Dravidian)''-], spoken by 61 million Tamils in the state of Tamil Nadu and around the world in various countries
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* '''Assamese''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], spoken by 13 million people mainly in the state of Assam. It's the easternmost natural member of the entire Indo-European language family.
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* '''Assamese''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], spoken by 13 million people mainly in the state of Assam. It's It is the easternmost natural member of the entire Indo-European language family.
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** '''Bihari''' - a version spoken in Southern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar with some non-native speakers in the Orissa region. This version of Hindi has achieved notoriety due to its use by controversial politician Laloo Prasad Yadav.
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** '''Bihari''' - a version various versions spoken in Southern Uttar Pradesh and Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand, with some non-native speakers in the Orissa region. This version of Hindi has achieved notoriety due to its use by controversial politician Laloo Prasad Yadav. '''Maithili''', a version of Bihari, has been recognised as a scheduled language in its own right.
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* '''Sanskrit''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], considered the dead language of antiquity of the Indian subcontinent, serving much the same role Latin did for most of Europe. Except it's NotQuiteDead; it's still quite common for students to learn it in school (and is also the favorite of overbearing Indian {{Education Mama}}s), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit. Young Indian students don't struggle with it as much as European students do with Latin (partly because it's easier, and partly because [[SophisticatedAsHell it has some nice insults]]), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit as well. It's also the "official language" of the state of Uttarkhand (although no one really thinks of it that way, with Braj Hindi being the actual spoken dialect).
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], an [[SarcasmMode obscure West Germanic language that some Tropers may be familiar with]]. It's still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting phrases and idioms of its own. These are
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], an [[SarcasmMode obscure West Germanic language that some Tropers may be familiar with]]. It's still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting phrases and idioms of its own. These are
to:
* '''Sanskrit''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], considered the dead language of antiquity of the Indian subcontinent, serving much the same role Latin did for most of Europe. Except it's NotQuiteDead; it's still quite common for students to learn it in school (and is also the favorite of overbearing Indian {{Education Mama}}s), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit. Finally, there is a single village in the state of Karnataka which uses Sanskrit as its first language. Young Indian students don't struggle with it as much as European students do with Latin (partly because it's easier, and partly because [[SophisticatedAsHell it has some nice insults]]), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit as well. It's insults]]). It is also the "official language" of the state of Uttarkhand (although no one really thinks of it that way, with Braj Hindi being the actual spoken dialect).
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], an [[SarcasmMode obscure West Germanic language that some Tropers may be familiar with]]. It's still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting phrases and idioms of its own. Theseareare:-
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], an [[SarcasmMode obscure West Germanic language that some Tropers may be familiar with]]. It's still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting phrases and idioms of its own. These
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** Do the needful / Please do the needful - a very formal way of requesting an action be taken.
** Cousin brother / cousin sister - This term is reserved only for first cousins, second cousins, third cousins and so on. Cousins removed are typically called uncles/aunts, as the implication is that they are your parents’ cousins. On the other side, cousins removed can also be considered nephews/nieces as they are your cousins’ son/daughter.
** Out of station - This phrase is derived from colonist speak. In the Company, men weren’t posted to cities or towns, they were posted to bases or stations. Only natives lived in the city/town. These stations were often special cantonments kept segregated away from the native populace. Therefore, when someone travelled away from his assigned cantonment, he was “out of station”. Since railway terminals were often located at these cantonments, Indians using them to travel, adopted the phrase “out of station”.
** Thrice - three times. A combination of “twice” and “three”, this still finds some usage in non-Indian English, but is usually seen as a little old-fashioned, but it's more common in India than elsewhere.
** Prepone (opposite of postpone)
** Pass Out - to graduate. You passed the final exams and you are now permanently “out” of the institution, hence “pass out”.
** 10th Fail or 12th Fail - High School dropout. A 10th fail dropped out after sophomore year due to failing the “boards”. A 12th fail dropped out after failing to graduate senior year. 10th Pass is sometimes listed as an educational qualification for vocational training or certain low skill jobs, as requiring only the successful completion of sophomore year. 12th Pass means high school graduate.
** Diploma - it doesn’t mean “baccalaureate degree certificate” here. Rather, a Diploma refers to Vocational Training or Associates Degree level programs that one can get into after passing 10th Standard, in lieu of finishing high school. Someone who has completed a Diploma in a particular engineering major can then continue on to an undergraduate degree in the same engineering major, starting from 2nd ie sophomore year.
** Cousin brother / cousin sister - This term is reserved only for first cousins, second cousins, third cousins and so on. Cousins removed are typically called uncles/aunts, as the implication is that they are your parents’ cousins. On the other side, cousins removed can also be considered nephews/nieces as they are your cousins’ son/daughter.
** Out of station - This phrase is derived from colonist speak. In the Company, men weren’t posted to cities or towns, they were posted to bases or stations. Only natives lived in the city/town. These stations were often special cantonments kept segregated away from the native populace. Therefore, when someone travelled away from his assigned cantonment, he was “out of station”. Since railway terminals were often located at these cantonments, Indians using them to travel, adopted the phrase “out of station”.
** Thrice - three times. A combination of “twice” and “three”, this still finds some usage in non-Indian English, but is usually seen as a little old-fashioned, but it's more common in India than elsewhere.
** Prepone (opposite of postpone)
** Pass Out - to graduate. You passed the final exams and you are now permanently “out” of the institution, hence “pass out”.
** 10th Fail or 12th Fail - High School dropout. A 10th fail dropped out after sophomore year due to failing the “boards”. A 12th fail dropped out after failing to graduate senior year. 10th Pass is sometimes listed as an educational qualification for vocational training or certain low skill jobs, as requiring only the successful completion of sophomore year. 12th Pass means high school graduate.
** Diploma - it doesn’t mean “baccalaureate degree certificate” here. Rather, a Diploma refers to Vocational Training or Associates Degree level programs that one can get into after passing 10th Standard, in lieu of finishing high school. Someone who has completed a Diploma in a particular engineering major can then continue on to an undergraduate degree in the same engineering major, starting from 2nd ie sophomore year.
to:
** Do Bandh/Bundh - labor strike. From the needful / Please do the needful - a very formal way of requesting an action be taken.
** Cousin brother / cousin sister - This term is reserved onlyHindi word for first cousins, second cousins, third cousins and so on. Cousins removed are typically called uncles/aunts, as the implication is that they are your parents’ cousins. On the other side, cousins removed can also be considered nephews/nieces as they are your cousins’ son/daughter.
** Out of station - This phrase is derived from colonist speak. In the Company, men weren’t posted to cities or towns, they were posted to bases or stations. Only natives lived in the city/town. These stations were often special cantonments kept segregated away from the native populace. Therefore, when someone travelled away from his assigned cantonment, he was “out of station”. Since railway terminals were often located at these cantonments, Indians using them to travel, adopted the phrase “out of station”.
** Thrice - three times. A combination of “twice” and “three”, this still finds some usage in non-Indian English, but is usually seen as a little old-fashioned, but it's more common in India than elsewhere.
** Prepone (opposite of postpone)
** Pass Out - to graduate. You passed the final exams and you are now permanently “out” of the institution, hence “pass out”.
** 10th Fail or 12th Fail - High School dropout. A 10th fail dropped out after sophomore year due to failing the “boards”. A 12th fail dropped out after failing to graduate senior year. 10th Pass is sometimes listed as an educational qualification for vocational training or certain low skill jobs, as requiring only the successful completion of sophomore year. 12th Pass means high school graduate.
** Diploma - it doesn’t mean “baccalaureate degree certificate” here. Rather, a Diploma refers to Vocational Training or Associates Degree level programs that one can get into after passing 10th Standard, in lieu of finishing high school. Someone who has completed a Diploma in a particular engineering major can then continue on to an undergraduate degree in the same engineering major, starting from 2nd ie sophomore year.“close”.
** Cousin brother / cousin sister - This term is reserved only
** Out of station - This phrase is derived from colonist speak. In the Company, men weren’t posted to cities or towns, they were posted to bases or stations. Only natives lived in the city/town. These stations were often special cantonments kept segregated away from the native populace. Therefore, when someone travelled away from his assigned cantonment, he was “out of station”. Since railway terminals were often located at these cantonments, Indians using them to travel, adopted the phrase “out of station”.
** Thrice - three times. A combination of “twice” and “three”, this still finds some usage in non-Indian English, but is usually seen as a little old-fashioned, but it's more common in India than elsewhere.
** Prepone (opposite of postpone)
** Pass Out - to graduate. You passed the final exams and you are now permanently “out” of the institution, hence “pass out”.
** 10th Fail or 12th Fail - High School dropout. A 10th fail dropped out after sophomore year due to failing the “boards”. A 12th fail dropped out after failing to graduate senior year. 10th Pass is sometimes listed as an educational qualification for vocational training or certain low skill jobs, as requiring only the successful completion of sophomore year. 12th Pass means high school graduate.
** Diploma - it doesn’t mean “baccalaureate degree certificate” here. Rather, a Diploma refers to Vocational Training or Associates Degree level programs that one can get into after passing 10th Standard, in lieu of finishing high school. Someone who has completed a Diploma in a particular engineering major can then continue on to an undergraduate degree in the same engineering major, starting from 2nd ie sophomore year.
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** Topper: The student in a class who earns the highest marks in a test.
to:
** Topper: The student Batman - also used in other Commonwealth countries as well as Britain, this term refers to an enlisted man assigned to a class who earns the highest marks in senior officer as a test.personal assistant or attendant aka butler. Therefore, Alfred is sometimes referred to as Franchise/{{Batman}}’s [[JustForPun batman]].
** Batta - daily travel expense allowance, usually given to chauffeurs, attendants, servants etc.
** Batta - daily travel expense allowance, usually given to chauffeurs, attendants, servants etc.
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** Junior College - Junior and Senior year of high school.
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** Junior College Brinjal - Junior Eggplant. Only in the Indian subcontinent is this word used to describe this vegetable.
** Bunk - skip class.
*** Petrol bunk - Petrol Pump (UK) / Gas station (US)
** Chappal - strapless sandal made from leather. Rubber flip flops are typically called “slippers”.
** Chitty - a word borrowed from Hindi, meaning a handwritten note.
*** Chit fund - derived from the above word, this phrase refers to a small scale lottery typically run in poorer slum areas. The “lottery ticket” equivalents are typically small handwritten notes, hence the “chit”.
** Convent/Convented - a Christian (usually catholic) run girls school. A graduate of such a school is stated as “convented” particularly during the seeking of matrimonial arrangements. Implies a better understanding of English andSenior year more urbane.
** Cousin brother / cousin sister - This term is reserved only for first cousins, second cousins, third cousins and so on. Cousins removed are typically called uncles/aunts, as the implication is that they are your parents’ cousins. On the other side, cousins removed can also be considered nephews/nieces as they are your cousins’ son/daughter.
** Crore - one hundred lakh or equivalently ten million. One hundred crore equates to one billion.
** Curd - Yoghurt
** Dacoit - an armed robber, particularly one involved in home invasions or highway robbery.
** Diploma - it doesn’t mean “baccalaureate degree certificate” here. Rather, a Diploma refers to Vocational Training or Associates Degree level programs that one can get into after passing 10th Standard, in lieu of finishing highschool.school. Someone who has completed a Diploma in a particular engineering major can then continue on to an undergraduate degree in the same engineering major, starting from 2nd ie sophomore year.
** Do the needful / Please do the needful - a very formal way of requesting an action be taken.
** Bunk - skip class.
*** Petrol bunk - Petrol Pump (UK) / Gas station (US)
** Chappal - strapless sandal made from leather. Rubber flip flops are typically called “slippers”.
** Chitty - a word borrowed from Hindi, meaning a handwritten note.
*** Chit fund - derived from the above word, this phrase refers to a small scale lottery typically run in poorer slum areas. The “lottery ticket” equivalents are typically small handwritten notes, hence the “chit”.
** Convent/Convented - a Christian (usually catholic) run girls school. A graduate of such a school is stated as “convented” particularly during the seeking of matrimonial arrangements. Implies a better understanding of English and
** Cousin brother / cousin sister - This term is reserved only for first cousins, second cousins, third cousins and so on. Cousins removed are typically called uncles/aunts, as the implication is that they are your parents’ cousins. On the other side, cousins removed can also be considered nephews/nieces as they are your cousins’ son/daughter.
** Crore - one hundred lakh or equivalently ten million. One hundred crore equates to one billion.
** Curd - Yoghurt
** Dacoit - an armed robber, particularly one involved in home invasions or highway robbery.
** Diploma - it doesn’t mean “baccalaureate degree certificate” here. Rather, a Diploma refers to Vocational Training or Associates Degree level programs that one can get into after passing 10th Standard, in lieu of finishing high
** Do the needful / Please do the needful - a very formal way of requesting an action be taken.
Deleted line(s) 65,67 (click to see context) :
** MBBS - a family physician / general practitioner aka “Internal Medicine” as it is known in ‘Murcia. This is used to distinguish them from “specialists” and surgeons.
** Khakis - Policemen. See UsefulNotes/IndianLaws.
** Bundh - labor strike. From the Hindi word for “close”.
** Khakis - Policemen. See UsefulNotes/IndianLaws.
** Bundh - labor strike. From the Hindi word for “close”.
Changed line(s) 69,70 (click to see context) from:
** Lakshman-Rekha - Actually a Hindi phrase. Means a norm whose violation is considered unthinkable. From the Literature/{{Ramayana}} where Lakshmana draws a line in the ground with his arrow around Sita and their forest dwelling, that prevented anyone except himself or Rama from encroaching. However, Sita herself stepped over that line, right before she was abducted.
** Gymkhana - a sporting club.
** Gymkhana - a sporting club.
to:
** Lakshman-Rekha Fag - Actually smoke a Hindi phrase. Means a norm whose violation is considered unthinkable. From the Literature/{{Ramayana}} where Lakshmana draws a line in the ground with cigarette.
** To Fire - to scold or berate, not terminate hisarrow around Sita and their forest dwelling, that prevented anyone except himself or Rama from encroaching. However, Sita herself stepped over that line, right before she was abducted.
** Gymkhana - a sporting club.employment.
** To Fire - to scold or berate, not terminate his
** Gymkhana - a sporting club.
** Goonda - a thug or gangster. Note that “thug” is almost never used in Indian English, as the word actually means “thief” in Hindi.
** Good name - name (e.g. 'What is your good name?' = 'What is your name?')
** Gymkhana - a sporting club.
** Has Sugar - is diabetic. If you want to state someone is in possession of sugar, the correct phrase would be “has some sugar”.
** Good name - name (e.g. 'What is your good name?' = 'What is your name?')
** Gymkhana - a sporting club.
** Has Sugar - is diabetic. If you want to state someone is in possession of sugar, the correct phrase would be “has some sugar”.
Changed line(s) 73,74 (click to see context) from:
*** Oil bath - Due to the heat in India, sometimes people will apply coconut oil to their entire body including their hair, let the oil soak for some time to moisturize the skin and scalp and then have a head bath to wash the remaining oil off. While regular soap and shampoo is used for this nowadays, the traditional oil bath involves the use of a paste made from a special herb. This paste functioned like soap during old times.
** Convent/Convented - a Christian (usually catholic) run girls school. A graduate of such a school is stated as “convented” particularly during the seeking of matrimonial arrangements. Implies a better understanding of English and more urbane.
** Convent/Convented - a Christian (usually catholic) run girls school. A graduate of such a school is stated as “convented” particularly during the seeking of matrimonial arrangements. Implies a better understanding of English and more urbane.
to:
*** Oil bath - Due to the heat in India, sometimes people will apply coconut oil to their entire body including their hair, let the oil soak for some time to moisturize the skin and scalp and then have a head bath to wash the remaining oil off. While regular soap and shampoo is used for this nowadays, the traditional oil bath involves the use of a paste made from a special herb. This paste functioned like soap during old times.
** Convent/Convented - a Christian (usually catholic) run girls school. A graduate of such a school is stated as “convented” particularly during the seeking of matrimonial arrangements. Implies a better understanding of English and more urbane.soap.
** Convent/Convented - a Christian (usually catholic) run girls school. A graduate of such a school is stated as “convented” particularly during the seeking of matrimonial arrangements. Implies a better understanding of English and more urbane.
Changed line(s) 76,88 (click to see context) from:
** Bunk - skip class.
*** Petrol bunk - Gas station.
** Ragging - hazing.
** Fag - smoke a cigarette.
** Dacoit - an armed robber, particularly one involved in home invasions or highway robbery.
** Goonda - a thug or gangster. Note that “thug” is almost never used in Indian English, as the word actually means “thief” in Hindi.
** Jawaan - soldier, or even a policeman armed with an assault rifle and wearing combat gear instead of the “khakis”. From Urdu/Persian meaning “young man”. Note that the Army never uses that phrase; the word “sipahi” or sepoy is used instead.
** Ultra - terrorist or insurgent.
** Naxal - A left wing terrorist working to establish a single party communist rule. Note that this movement has been disowned by the official Communist parties of India, which prefer to be a part of the democratic process. Derived from Naxalbari village in Bengal where the movement originated.
** To Fire - to scold or berate, not terminate his employment.
** Tight Slap - a hard hitting slap.
** Paining - hurting.
** Has Sugar - is diabetic. If you want to state someone is in possession of sugar, the correct phrase would be “has some sugar”.
*** Petrol bunk - Gas station.
** Ragging - hazing.
** Fag - smoke a cigarette.
** Dacoit - an armed robber, particularly one involved in home invasions or highway robbery.
** Goonda - a thug or gangster. Note that “thug” is almost never used in Indian English, as the word actually means “thief” in Hindi.
** Jawaan - soldier, or even a policeman armed with an assault rifle and wearing combat gear instead of the “khakis”. From Urdu/Persian meaning “young man”. Note that the Army never uses that phrase; the word “sipahi” or sepoy is used instead.
** Ultra - terrorist or insurgent.
** Naxal - A left wing terrorist working to establish a single party communist rule. Note that this movement has been disowned by the official Communist parties of India, which prefer to be a part of the democratic process. Derived from Naxalbari village in Bengal where the movement originated.
** To Fire - to scold or berate, not terminate his employment.
** Tight Slap - a hard hitting slap.
** Paining - hurting.
** Has Sugar - is diabetic. If you want to state someone is in possession of sugar, the correct phrase would be “has some sugar”.
to:
*** Petrol bunk - Gas station.
** Ragging - hazing.
** Fag - smoke a cigarette.
** Dacoit - an armed robber, particularly one involved in home invasions or highway robbery.
** Goonda - a thug or gangster. Note that “thug” is almost never used in Indian English, as the word actually means “thief” in Hindi.
**
** Naxal - A left wing terrorist working to establish a single party communist rule. Note that this movement has been disowned by
**
** Tight Slap - a hard hitting slap.
** Paining - hurting.
** Has Sugar - is diabetic. If you want to state someone is in possession of sugar, the correct phrase would be “has some sugar”.
Changed line(s) 90 (click to see context) from:
** Crore - one hundred lakh or equivalently ten million. One hundred crore equates to one billion.
to:
** Crore Lakshman-Rekha - one hundred lakh Actually a Hindi phrase. Means a norm whose violation is considered unthinkable. From the Literature/{{Ramayana}} where Lakshmana draws a line in the ground with his arrow around Sita and their forest dwelling, that prevented anyone except himself or equivalently ten million. One hundred crore equates to one billion.Rama from encroaching. However, Sita herself stepped over that line, right before she was abducted.
Changed line(s) 95,97 (click to see context) from:
** Taluk and Tehsil - District or County. In India, the word County is never used, with District only seeing use when describing administrative areas in big cities. Rural areas always belong to a Tehsil or Taluk.
** Outrage the Modesty of - A very polite term for copping a feel.
** Wantedly - Deliberately, with intent.
** Outrage the Modesty of - A very polite term for copping a feel.
** Wantedly - Deliberately, with intent.
to:
** Taluk MBBS - a family physician / general practitioner aka “Internal Medicine” as it is known in ‘Murcia. This is used to distinguish them from “specialists” and Tehsil surgeons.
** Military hotel -District or County. In India, the word County a phrase that is never used, with District slowly becoming archaic, it refers to a restaurant (often called “hotel” in here) that serves meat. This is due to a casteist stereotype that only seeing use when describing administrative areas in big cities. Rural areas always belong to a Tehsil or Taluk.
** Outrage the Modesty of - A very polite term for copping a feel.
** Wantedly - Deliberately, with intent.soldiers eat meat.
** Military hotel -
** Outrage the Modesty of - A very polite term for copping a feel.
** Wantedly - Deliberately, with intent.
Deleted line(s) 99,103 (click to see context) :
** Batta - daily travel expense allowance, usually given to chauffeurs, attendants, servants etc.
** Batman - also used in other Commonwealth countries as well as Britain, this term refers to an enlisted man assigned to a senior officer as a personal assistant or attendant aka butler. Therefore, Alfred is sometimes referred to as Franchise/{{Batman}}’s [[JustForPun batman]].
** Stepney - an emergency spare tire. From the UK based company that made these tires for certain British made automobiles introduced into India.
** Chitty - a word borrowed from Hindi, meaning a handwritten note.
*** Chit fund - derived from the above word, this phrase refers to a small scale lottery typically run in poorer slum areas. The “lottery ticket” equivalents are typically small handwritten notes, hence the “chit”.
** Batman - also used in other Commonwealth countries as well as Britain, this term refers to an enlisted man assigned to a senior officer as a personal assistant or attendant aka butler. Therefore, Alfred is sometimes referred to as Franchise/{{Batman}}’s [[JustForPun batman]].
** Stepney - an emergency spare tire. From the UK based company that made these tires for certain British made automobiles introduced into India.
** Chitty - a word borrowed from Hindi, meaning a handwritten note.
*** Chit fund - derived from the above word, this phrase refers to a small scale lottery typically run in poorer slum areas. The “lottery ticket” equivalents are typically small handwritten notes, hence the “chit”.
** Native place - place of your birth, or alternatively, your extended family’s ancestral home.
** Naxal - A left wing terrorist working to establish a single party communist rule. Note that this movement has been disowned by the official Communist parties of India, which prefer to be a part of the democratic process. Derived from Naxalbari village in Bengal where the movement originated.
** Naxal - A left wing terrorist working to establish a single party communist rule. Note that this movement has been disowned by the official Communist parties of India, which prefer to be a part of the democratic process. Derived from Naxalbari village in Bengal where the movement originated.
Changed line(s) 106,107 (click to see context) from:
** Military hotel - a phrase that is slowly becoming archaic, it refers to a restaurant (often called “hotel” in here) that serves meat. This is due to a casteist stereotype that only soldiers eat meat.
** Chappal - strapless sandal made from leather. Rubber flip flops are typically called “slippers”.
** Chappal - strapless sandal made from leather. Rubber flip flops are typically called “slippers”.
to:
** Military hotel Out of station - a This phrase that is slowly becoming archaic, it refers derived from colonist speak. In the Company, men weren’t posted to a restaurant (often called “hotel” cities or towns, they were posted to bases or stations. Only natives lived in here) that serves meat. This is due the city/town. These stations were often special cantonments kept segregated away from the native populace. Therefore, when someone travelled away from his assigned cantonment, he was “out of station”. Since railway terminals were often located at these cantonments, Indians using them to a casteist stereotype that only soldiers eat meat.travel, adopted the phrase “out of station”.
**Chappal Outrage the Modesty of - strapless sandal A very polite term for copping a feel.
** Paining - hurting.
** Prepone (opposite of postpone)
** Pass Out - to graduate. You passed the final exams and you are now permanently “out” of the institution, hence “pass out”.
** Ragging - hazing.
** Stepney - an emergency spare tire. From the UK based company that made these tires for certain British made automobiles introduced into India.
** Taluk and Tehsil - District or County. In India, the word County is never used, with states divided into Districts, and then into either urban 'municipalities' or rural 'Tehsils' or 'Talukas'. Tehsils / Talukas are further subdivided into Panchayaths containing 1-5 villages. There is some variation between states in the exact titles, powers and responsibilities, etc.
** 10th Fail or 12th Fail - High School dropout. A 10th fail dropped out after sophomore year due to failing the “boards”. A 12th fail dropped out after failing to graduate senior year. 10th Pass is sometimes listed as an educational qualification for vocational training or certain low skill jobs, as requiring only the successful completion of sophomore year. 12th Pass means high school graduate.
** Thrice - three times. A combination of “twice” and “three”, this still finds some usage in non-Indian English, but is usually seen as a little old-fashioned, but it's more common in India than elsewhere.
** Tiffin: This word, derived fromleather. Rubber flip flops are the British slang word “tiffing” for having afternoon tea has different meanings. It originally meant a mid afternoon snack, but later came to mean “breakfast” in South, Westband Central India. In Mumbai, tiffin also means “boxed lunch” but in more recent times has come to mean the box that a boxed lunch is carried in. A “tiffinwallah” is one of Mumbai’s famed lunchbox delivery men.
** Tight Slap - a hard hitting slap.
** Topper: The student in a class who earns the highest marks in a test.
** Tube-light - a mercury vapor fluorescent ceiling mounted light that is typicallycalled “slippers”.shaped like a long thin tube. Owing to it going through a process of flickering for a few seconds before turning on, this term is also used to refer to someone who is LateToThePunchline.
**
** Paining - hurting.
** Prepone (opposite of postpone)
** Pass Out - to graduate. You passed the final exams and you are now permanently “out” of the institution, hence “pass out”.
** Ragging - hazing.
** Stepney - an emergency spare tire. From the UK based company that made these tires for certain British made automobiles introduced into India.
** Taluk and Tehsil - District or County. In India, the word County is never used, with states divided into Districts, and then into either urban 'municipalities' or rural 'Tehsils' or 'Talukas'. Tehsils / Talukas are further subdivided into Panchayaths containing 1-5 villages. There is some variation between states in the exact titles, powers and responsibilities, etc.
** 10th Fail or 12th Fail - High School dropout. A 10th fail dropped out after sophomore year due to failing the “boards”. A 12th fail dropped out after failing to graduate senior year. 10th Pass is sometimes listed as an educational qualification for vocational training or certain low skill jobs, as requiring only the successful completion of sophomore year. 12th Pass means high school graduate.
** Thrice - three times. A combination of “twice” and “three”, this still finds some usage in non-Indian English, but is usually seen as a little old-fashioned, but it's more common in India than elsewhere.
** Tiffin: This word, derived from
** Tight Slap - a hard hitting slap.
** Topper: The student in a class who earns the highest marks in a test.
** Tube-light - a mercury vapor fluorescent ceiling mounted light that is typically
Changed line(s) 109,112 (click to see context) from:
** Tube-light - a mercury vapor fluorescent ceiling mounted light that is typically shaped like a long thin tube. Owing to it going through a process of flickering for a few seconds before turning on, this term is also used to refer to someone who is LateToThePunchline.
** Brinjal - Eggplant. Only in the Indian subcontinent is this word used to describe this vegetable.
** Native place - place of your birth, or alternatively, your extended family’s ancestral home.
** Tiffin: This word, derived from the British slang word “tiffing” for having afternoon tea has different meanings. It originally meant a mid afternoon snack, but later came to mean “breakfast” in South, Westband Central India. In Mumbai, tiffin also means “boxed lunch” but in more recent times has come to mean the box that a boxed lunch is carried in. A “tiffinwallah” is one of Mumbai’s famed lunchbox delivery men.
** Brinjal - Eggplant. Only in the Indian subcontinent is this word used to describe this vegetable.
** Native place - place of your birth, or alternatively, your extended family’s ancestral home.
** Tiffin: This word, derived from the British slang word “tiffing” for having afternoon tea has different meanings. It originally meant a mid afternoon snack, but later came to mean “breakfast” in South, Westband Central India. In Mumbai, tiffin also means “boxed lunch” but in more recent times has come to mean the box that a boxed lunch is carried in. A “tiffinwallah” is one of Mumbai’s famed lunchbox delivery men.
to:
** Tube-light Ultra - a mercury vapor fluorescent ceiling mounted light that is typically shaped like a long thin tube. Owing to it going through a process of flickering for a few seconds before turning on, this term is also used to refer to someone who is LateToThePunchline.
terrorist or insurgent.
**Brinjal Wantedly - Eggplant. Only in the Indian subcontinent is this word used to describe this vegetable.
** Native place - place of your birth, or alternatively, your extended family’s ancestral home.
** Tiffin: This word, derived from the British slang word “tiffing” for having afternoon tea has different meanings. It originally meant a mid afternoon snack, but later came to mean “breakfast” in South, Westband Central India. In Mumbai, tiffin also means “boxed lunch” but in more recent times has come to mean the box that a boxed lunch is carried in. A “tiffinwallah” is one of Mumbai’s famed lunchbox delivery men.Deliberately, with intent.
**
** Native place - place of your birth, or alternatively, your extended family’s ancestral home.
** Tiffin: This word, derived from the British slang word “tiffing” for having afternoon tea has different meanings. It originally meant a mid afternoon snack, but later came to mean “breakfast” in South, Westband Central India. In Mumbai, tiffin also means “boxed lunch” but in more recent times has come to mean the box that a boxed lunch is carried in. A “tiffinwallah” is one of Mumbai’s famed lunchbox delivery men.
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Added DiffLines:
** Tiffin: This word, derived from the British slang word “tiffing” for having afternoon tea has different meanings. It originally meant a mid afternoon snack, but later came to mean “breakfast” in South, Westband Central India. In Mumbai, tiffin also means “boxed lunch” but in more recent times has come to mean the box that a boxed lunch is carried in. A “tiffinwallah” is one of Mumbai’s famed lunchbox delivery men.
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Changed line(s) 48,49 (click to see context) from:
* '''Sanskrit''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], considered the dead language of antiquity of the Indian subcontinent, serving much the same role Latin did in Europe. Except it's NotQuiteDead; it's still quite common for students to learn it in school (and is also the favorite of overbearing Indian {{Education Mama}}s), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit. Young Indian students don't struggle with it as much as European students do with Latin (partly because it's easier, and partly because [[SophisticatedAsHell it has some nice insults]]), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit as well. It's also the "official language" of the state of Uttarkhand (although no one really thinks of it that way, with Braj Hindi being the actual spoken dialect).
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], an [[SarcasmMode obscure west Germanic language that some Tropers may be familiar with]]. It's still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting phrases and idioms of its own. These are
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], an [[SarcasmMode obscure west Germanic language that some Tropers may be familiar with]]. It's still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting phrases and idioms of its own. These are
to:
* '''Sanskrit''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], considered the dead language of antiquity of the Indian subcontinent, serving much the same role Latin did in for most of Europe. Except it's NotQuiteDead; it's still quite common for students to learn it in school (and is also the favorite of overbearing Indian {{Education Mama}}s), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit. Young Indian students don't struggle with it as much as European students do with Latin (partly because it's easier, and partly because [[SophisticatedAsHell it has some nice insults]]), and you can even take college courses entirely in Sanskrit as well. It's also the "official language" of the state of Uttarkhand (although no one really thinks of it that way, with Braj Hindi being the actual spoken dialect).
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], an [[SarcasmMode obscurewest West Germanic language that some Tropers may be familiar with]]. It's still present as a remnant of India's time as part of UsefulNotes/TheBritishEmpire, which enforced it as a language of government and higher education. Because of the above-mentioned regional tensions over the use of Hindi, English is still a prominent ''lingua franca'', if only because ''no'' local group speaks it, and everyone is equally disadvantaged when it comes to learning it. That said, Indian English has emerged as a unique dialect with some quaint interesting phrases and idioms of its own. These are
* '''English''' [-''(Indo-European)''-], an [[SarcasmMode obscure
