History UsefulNotes / Hatshepsut

* ''Literature/MaraDaughterOfTheNile'' by Eloise Jarvis [=McGraw=] features the [[DatedHistory outdated]] portrayal of her as a WickedStepmother to Thutmose III.
* ''Pharaoh'' (also by Eloise Jarvis [=McGraw=])

* ''Literature/MaraDaughterOfTheNile'' by Eloise Jarvis McGraw features the [[DatedHistory outdated]] portrayal of her as a WickedStepmother to Thutmose III.
* ''Pharaoh'' (also by Eloise Jarvis McGraw)

* ''Literature/MaraDaughterOfTheNile'' features the [[DatedHistory outdated]] portrayal of her as a WickedStepmother to Thutmose III.

Her reign is known for remarkable accomplishments in trading and architecture, as well as economic growth and artistic achievements. She re-established the country's foreign trade networks, which had been interrupted by the Hyksos invasions in the past, and sent expeditions to Punt (modern-day Somalia), a fabled country that no Egyptians had visited in five hundred years. The expeditions were enormously successful in bringing back numerous bounties: gold, ivory, ebony, live myrrh trees, frankincense, and an assortment of exotic animals like panthers, apes, and giraffes. Hatshepsut had the frankincense ground up into kohl eyeliner, making it the first recorded use of the resin in Egypt.

Her reign is known for remarkable accomplishments, mainly in trading and architecture, as well as economic growth and artistic achievements. She re-established the country's foreign trade networks, which had been interrupted by the Hyksos invasions in the past, and sent expeditions to Punt (modern-day Somalia), a fabled country that no Egyptians had visited in five hundred years. The expeditions were enormously successful in bringing back numerous bounties: gold, ivory, ebony, live myrrh trees, frankincense, and an assortment of exotic animals like panthers, apes, and giraffes. Hatshepsut had the frankincense ground up into kohl eyeliner, making it the first recorded use of the resin in Egypt.

When Thutmose III grew older, Hatshepsut reigned with him as co-monarchs and he became commander of the military. He undertook military conquests and expansions, while she ran the kingdom's civil administration and trade. She died in 1458 BC, likely from cancer, and he thus took the throne as the next pharaoh at the age of twenty-three. [[note]]Whether or not Neferure was still alive at this point is up for debate; she was depicted in her mother's funeral temple, implying she was present, but there are no records that she became Thutmose III's queen as per tradition. Some historians have suggested that she married him, but her name in the records was retroactively replaced with that of his other wife, Satiah.[[/note]] Many years after Hatshepsut's death, someone (either Thutmose III or his son Amenhotep II) tried to erase her memory from history by removing her name from many inscriptions, defacing her monuments, and ascribing her accomplishments to his own reign. Neferure's name was similarly removed from numerous inscriptions and replaced with other royal women's.

Born the daughter of Thutmose I and his sister-wife Ahmose, Hatshepsut married her half-brother, Thutmose II, when they were both teenagers. She was Thutmose II's queen consort and Great Royal Wife when he became pharaoh after their father's death, and they had one child named Neferure. When Thutmose II died after a thirteen year reign, his son by a secondary wife named Iset, Thutmose III, was two years old and too young to rule.

Hatshepsut assumed the role of regent to rule on her stepson's behalf for seven years before she officially took the throne and declared herself pharaoh, adopting the full regalia and titles of a king. She legitimized her right to the crown by claiming that she was the daughter of the god Amun from Myth/EgyptianMythology, having it inscribed that she was born of a BedTrick when Amun came to her mother in Thutmose I's form, and having herself portrayed as masculine--complete with a false beard--in artistic depictions. Said depictions were strictly for [[RuleOfSymbolism symbolic]] purposes and were not considered emblematic of crossdressing or androgyny; they represented her power as a female king, who was traditionally seen as the living incarnation of male deities like Amun and Horus.

Her reign is marked by remarkable accomplishments, mainly in trading and architecture, as well as economic growth and artistic achievements. She re-established the country's foreign trade networks, which had been interrupted by the Hyksos invasions in the past, and sent expeditions to Punt (modern-day Somalia), a fabled country that no Egyptians had visited in five hundred years. The expeditions were enormously successful in bringing back numerous bounties: gold, ivory, ebony, live myrrh trees, frankincense, and an assortment of exotic animals like panthers, apes, and giraffes. Hatshepsut had the frankincense ground up into kohl eyeliner, making it the first recorded use of the resin in Egypt.

* ''Aoi Horus no Hitomi'' (''The Blue Eye of Horus''') by Chie Inudoh centers on Hatshepsut's life and struggles as pharaoh.

Incidentally, Hatshepsut is theorized to be the reason why "pharaoh" became so widely used as the title for Egyptian kings, who traditionally went by ''nesu-bity'' ("of the sedge and bee", or "king of Upper and Lower Egypt"). The ancient Egyptian word that translates to "pharaoh" was ''per-a'a'', literally "Great House", and referred either to the king's literal house of residence or the king's metaphorical household of attendants and government officials before Hatshepsut's reign. It was only during her rule that "pharaoh" became a title that referred to the ''king'' personally, and Egyptologists have suggested that this was an euphemism that male officials and scribes used to deal with taking orders from a ruling woman (so that they could say their orders were from the palace, rather than from the king). After Hatshepsut, "pharaoh" became more prominent as the title for ruling monarchs than "king".

When Thutmose III grew older, Hatshepsut reigned with him as co-monarchs and he became commander of the military. He undertook military conquests and expansions, while she ran the kingdom's civil administration and trade. She died in 1458 BC, likely from cancer, and he thus took the throne as the next pharaoh at the age of twenty-four. [[note]]Whether or not Neferure was still alive at this point is up for debate; she was depicted in her mother's funeral temple, implying she was present, but there are no records that she became Thutmose III's queen as per tradition. Some historians have suggested that she married him, but her name in the records was retroactively replaced with that of his other wife, Satiah.[[/note]] Many years after Hatshepsut's death, someone (either Thutmose III or his son Amenhotep II) tried to erase her memory from history by removing her name from many inscriptions, defacing her monuments, and ascribing her accomplishments to his own reign. Neferure's name was similarly removed from numerous inscriptions and replaced with other royal women's.

Hatshepsut assumed the role of regent to rule on her stepson's behalf for seven years before she officially took the throne and declared herself pharaoh, adopting the full regalia and titles of a king. She legitimized her claim to the crown by claiming that she was the daughter of the god Amun from Myth/EgyptianMythology, having it inscribed that she was born of a BedTrick when Amun came to her mother in Thutmose I's form, and having herself portrayed as masculine--complete with a false beard--in artistic depictions. Said depictions were strictly for [[RuleOfSymbolism symbolic]] purposes and were not considered emblematic of crossdressing or androgyny; they represented her power as a female king, who was traditionally seen as the living incarnation of male deities like Amun and Horus.

Hatshepsut was one of ancient Egypt's most notable pharaohs, reigning from around 1479 to 1458 BCE during the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom period. She ruled the longest out of Egypt's female pharaohs, reigning for twenty-one years (which includes her regency on behalf of Thutmose III).

Hatshepsut was one of ancient Egypt's most notable pharaohs, reigning from around 1479 to 1458 BCE during the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom period. She ruled the longest out of Egypt's female pharaohs, reigning for twenty-two years (which includes her regency on behalf of Thutmose III).

This may or may not have been out of maliciousness; Hatshepsut and Thutmose got along well as co-rulers, and evidence shows that her name was removed either very late in Thutmose's reign or very early in Amenhotep's. There's also the fact that only her public inscriptions were removed, and all the interior carvings and other places hidden from the public eye were left intact. Historians have suggested that Thutmose III erased Hatshepsut from the line of kings for the pragmatic reason of making his ascension to the throne smoother, as it would have been easier to enforce the succession that traditionally ran from father to son than to acknowledge any interference from his aunt-stepmother (or Amenhotep II might have done it instead for the same reason, to strengthen his claim as king). Neferure would have also consequently been erased for being her daughter.

When Thutmose III grew older, Hatshepsut reigned with him as co-rulers and he became commander of the military. He undertook military conquests and expansions, while she ran the kingdom's civil administration and trade. She died in 1458 BC, likely from cancer, and he thus took the throne as the next pharaoh at the age of twenty-four. [[note]]Whether or not Neferure was still alive at this point is up for debate; she was depicted in her mother's funeral temple, implying she was present, but there are no records that she became Thutmose III's queen as per tradition. Some historians have suggested that she married him, but her name in the records was retroactively replaced with that of his other wife, Satiah.[[/note]] Many years after Hatshepsut's death, someone (either Thutmose III or his son Amenhotep II) tried to erase her memory from history by removing her name from many inscriptions, defacing her monuments, and ascribing her accomplishments to his own reign. Neferure's name was similarly removed from numerous inscriptions and replaced with other royal women's.

This may or may not have been out of maliciousness; Hatshepsut and Thutmose got along as co-rulers, and evidence shows that her name was removed very late in Thutmose's reign. There's also the fact that only her public inscriptions were removed, and all the interior carvings and other places hidden from the public eye were left intact. Historians have suggested that Thutmose III erased Hatshepsut from the line of kings for the pragmatic reason of making his ascension to the throne smoother, as it would have been easier to enforce the succession that traditionally ran from father to son than to acknowledge any interference from his aunt-stepmother (or Amenhotep II might have done it instead for the same reason, to strengthen his claim as king). Neferure would have also consequently been erased for being her daughter.

When Thutmose III grew older, Hatshepsut reigned with him as co-rulers and he became commander of the military while she ran the kingdom. She died in 1458 BC, likely from cancer, and he thus took the throne as the next pharaoh at the age of twenty-four. [[note]]Whether or not Neferure was still alive at this point is up for debate; she was depicted in her mother's funeral temple, implying she was present, but there are no records that she became Thutmose III's queen as per tradition. Some historians have suggested that she married him, but her name in the records was retroactively replaced with that of his other wife, Satiah.[[/note]] Many years after Hatshepsut's death, someone (either Thutmose III or his son Amenhotep II) tried to erase her memory from history by removing her name from many inscriptions, defacing her monuments, and ascribing her accomplishments to his own reign. Neferure's name was similarly removed from numerous inscriptions and replaced with other royal women's. [[note]]This may not ''entirely'' have been out of maliciousness. Historians have suggested that Thutmose III erased Hatshepsut from the line of kings for the pragmatic reason of making his ascension to the throne smoother, as it would be easier to enforce the succession that traditionally ran from father to son than to acknowledge any interference from his aunt-stepmother. Neferure would have also consequently been erased for being her daughter.[[/note]]

Because of this, Hatshepsut fell into obscurity for centuries. In 1822, archaeologists deciphered the hieroglyphics at the Deir el-Bahri temple that spoke of her reign, contradicting prior records of the early Eighteenth Dynasty kings. Her tomb was eventually found in 1903, allowing archaeologists and Egyptologists to rediscover her contributions and achievements that shed light on her significant role in ancient Egypt.

When Thutmose III grew older, Hatshepsut reigned with him as co-rulers and he became commander of the military while she ran the kingdom. She died in 1458 BC, likely from cancer, and he thus took the throne as the next pharaoh at the age of twenty-four. [[note]]Whether or not Neferure was still alive at this point is up for debate; she was depicted in her mother's funeral temple, implying she was present, but there are no records that she became his queen as per tradition. Some historians have suggested that she married Thutmose III, but her name in the records was retroactively replaced with that of his other wife, Satiah.[[/note]] Many years after Hatshepsut's death, someone (either Thutmose III or his son Amenhotep II) tried to erase her memory from history by removing her name from many inscriptions, defacing her monuments, and ascribing her accomplishments to his own reign. Neferure's name was similarly removed from numerous inscriptions and replaced with other royal women's. [[note]]This may not ''entirely'' have been out of maliciousness. Historians have suggested that Thutmose III erased Hatshepsut from the line of kings for the pragmatic reason of making his ascension to the throne smoother, as it would be easier to enforce the succession that traditionally ran from father to son than to acknowledge any interference from his aunt-stepmother. Neferure would have also consequently been erased for being her daughter.[[/note]]

When Thutmose III grew older, Hatshepsut reigned with him as co-rulers and he became commander of the military while she ran the kingdom. She died in 1458 BC, likely from cancer, and he thus took the throne as the next pharaoh at the age of twenty-four. Whether or not Neferure was still alive at this point is up for debate; she was depicted in her mother's funeral temple, implying she was present when Thutmose III became the sole ruler, but there are no further inscriptions of her or any records that she married him to become queen as per tradition. Some historians have suggested that she did live long enough to marry Thutmose III, and her name was retroactively removed from the record and replaced with that of his other wife, Satiah, around the same time that her mother's was (see below).

Many years after Hatshepsut's death, someone (either Thutmose III or his son Amenhotep II) tried to erase her memory from history by removing her name from many inscriptions, defacing her monuments, and ascribing her accomplishments to his own reign. Neferure's name was similarly removed from numerous inscriptions and replaced with other royal women's. [[note]]This may not ''entirely'' have been out of maliciousness. Historians have suggested that Thutmose III erased Hatshepsut from the line of kings for the pragmatic reason of making his ascension to the throne smoother, as it would be easier to enforce the succession that traditionally ran from father to son than to acknowledge any interference from his aunt-stepmother. Neferure would have also consequently been erased for being her daughter.[[/note]]

When Thutmose III grew older, Hatshepsut reigned with him as co-rulers and he became commander of the military while she ran the kingdom. She died in 1458 BC, likely from cancer, and he thus took the throne as the next pharaoh at the age of twenty-four. Many years after her death, someone (either Thutmose III or his son Amenhotep II) tried to erase her memory from history by removing her name from many inscriptions, defacing her monuments, and ascribing her accomplishments to his own reign. [[note]]This may not ''entirely'' have been out of maliciousness. Historians have suggested that Thutmose III erased Hatshepsut from the line of kings for the pragmatic reason of making his ascension to the throne smoother, as it would be easier to enforce the succession that traditionally ran from father to son than to acknowledge any interference from his aunt-stepmother.[[/note]]

Hatshepsut was one of ancient Egypt's most notable pharaohs, reigning from around 1479 to 1458 BCE during the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom period. She ruled the longest out of Egypt's female pharaohs, reigning for twenty-one years (which includes her regency on behalf of Thutmose III).

When Thutmose III grew older, Hatshepsut reigned with him as co-rulers and he assumed control of the military while she ran the kingdom. Upon her death in 1458 BC, likely from cancer, he took the throne as the next pharaoh. Many years after her death, someone (either Thutmose III or his son Amenhotep II) tried to erase her memory from history by removing her name from many inscriptions, defacing her monuments, and ascribing her accomplishments to his own reign. [[note]]This may not ''entirely'' have been out of maliciousness. Historians have suggested that Thutmose III erased Hatshepsut from the line of kings for the pragmatic reason of making his ascension to the throne smoother, as it would be easier to enforce the succession that traditionally ran from father to son than to acknowledge any interference from his aunt-stepmother.[[/note]]

When Thutmose III grew older, Hatshepsut reigned with him as co-rulers and he assumed control of the military while she ran the kingdom. Upon her death in 1458 BC, likely from cancer, he took the throne as the next pharaoh. Many years after her death, someone (either Thutmose III or his son) tried to erase her memory from history, removing her name from many inscriptions, defacing her monuments, and ascribing her accomplishments to his own reign.

Because of this, Hatshepsut fell into obscurity for centuries. In the nineteenth century, archaeologists and Egyptologists rediscovered her contributions and achievements, shedding light on her significant role in ancient Egypt.

She was also a very productive builder, being responsible for the construction of hundreds of temples. Among many others, she commissioned the Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahri and the famous Red Chapel at Karnak. She had the Precinct of Mut, a temple complex devoted to the goddess in Karnak, restored from its previous destruction during foreign occupation, and she had massive twin obelisks built at the entrance, which were considered the tallest in the world at the time. At her temples, she performed the religious rituals that were traditionally carried out by kings. Her
daughter, Neferure, played a much more prominent role in court than was usually expected of princesses by taking the ceremonial and religious duties of a queen consort, along with her mother's previous titles as Great Royal Wife.

Most of Hatshepsut's building projects were headed by two architects, Ineni (an aristocratic official who had worked under her father and her husband) and Senenmut. Hatshepsut and Senenmut shared a particularly close relationship; though Senenmut was of commoner birth, he quickly rose through the ranks to become her high steward and chief architect. He was also trusted with tutoring Neferure, and he personally supervised the quarrying and transport of the obelisks in Karnak. His closeness with Hatshepsut sparked much speculation--both in their time and with Egyptologists--that they were lovers.

She died in 1458 BC, with her son Thutmose III taking over as full regent. After her death, someone (either Thutmose III or his son) tried to erase her memory from history, removing her name from many inscriptions and monuments.

In the 19th century, archaeologists and Egyptologists rediscovered her contributions and achievements, shedding light on her significant role in ancient Egypt.

Born the daughter of Thutmose I and his sister-wife Ahmose, Hatshepsut married her half-brother, Thutmose II, when they were both teenagers. She was Thutmose II's queen consort when he became pharaoh after their father's death, and they had one daughter named Neferure. When Thutmose II died after a thirteen year reign, his son by a secondary wife named Iset, Thutmose III, was two years old and too young to rule.

Hatshepsut assumed the role of regent to rule on her stepson's behalf for seven years before she officially took the throne and declared herself pharaoh, adopting the full regalia and titles of a king. She legitimized her claim to the crown by claiming that she was the daughter of the god Amun from Myth/EgyptianMythology, having it inscribed that she was born of a BedTrick when Amun came to her mother in Thutmose I's form, and having herself portrayed as masculine, complete with a false beard, in artistic depictions.

She was also a very productive builder, being responsible for the construction of hundreds of temples. Among many others, she commissioned the Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahri and the famous Red Chapel at Karnak. She had the Precinct of Mut, a temple complex devoted to the goddess, restored from its previous destruction during foreign occupation, and she had massive twin obelisks built at the entrance, which were considered the tallest in the world at the time. Most of her building projects were headed by two architects, Ineni (an aristocratic official who had worked under her father and her husband) and Senenmut. Her monuments, including her mortuary temple, are architectural marvels.

Born the daughter of Thutmose I and his sister-wife Ahmose, Hatshepsut married her half-brother, Thutmose II, when they were both teenagers. She was Thutmose II's queen consort when he became pharaoh after their father's death, and they had one daughter named Neferure. When Thutmose II died after a thirteen year reign, his son by a secondary wife named Iset, Thutmose III, was too young to rule. Hatshepsut assumed the role of regent to rule on her stepson's behalf for seven years before she officially took the throne and declared herself pharaoh, adopting the full regalia and titles of a king. She legitimized her rule by claiming that she was the daughter of the god Amun from Myth/EgyptianMythology, having it inscribed that she was born of a BedTrick when Amun came to her mother in Thutmose I's form, and having herself portrayed as masculine, complete with a false beard, in artistic depictions.

Her reign is marked by remarkable accomplishments, including trade expeditions to Punt (modern-day Somalia), the construction of the Mortuary Temple at Deir el-Bahri, and the famous Red Chapel at Karnak. Her reign is often associated with economic growth and artistic achievements. Her monuments, including her mortuary temple, are architectural marvels.

Long before Cleopatra existed, she was ruling as a female pharaoh.

Hatshepsut was one of ancient Egypt's most notable pharaohs, reigning from around 1479 to 1458 BCE during the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom period.

She married her half-brother, Thutmose II, who became pharaoh after Thutmose I's death. When Thutmose II died, his son by another wife, Thutmose III, was too young to rule. Hatshepsut assumed the role of regent, but eventually, she declared herself pharaoh, adopting the full regalia and titles of a king.

She died in 1458 BC with her son Thutmose III taking over as full regent. After her death, someone (either Thutmose III or his son) tried to erase her memory from history, removing her name from many inscriptions and monuments.