History UsefulNotes / China

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations — having been one of only six to have formed independently (meaning not having an already-established civilization give them the idea of civilization creation), one of only five to have developed a writing system independently (the only one still in use today!), and has the longest continuous history of any country in the world. The main "centers" of Chinese civilization in modern Sinology are considered to be the Yellow River, Liao River, and Yangtze River. This is in contrast to the old theory that Chinese civilization began solely at the Yellow River and radiated outwards although the Yellow River region would remain by far the most important area in Chinese history. Even today there is a genetic cline in China -- Northern Han Chinese have highly uniform paternal and maternal lines, being a fairly genetically homogenous group that formed about 3000 years ago while Southern Han Chinese have uniform paternal lines like the Northern Han but more diverse maternal lines that increase in diversity the further south one travels.

The Huaxia underwent extensive cultural and technological advancements largely due to the unpredictability of the Yellow River which they depended on. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion. The absorption of the Yangtze River civilization to their south gave Chinese civilization the knowledge of rice agriculture and maritime exploration. The Yangtze civilizations were populated by basal East Asians who were known to the Huaxia as the ''Baiyue'' people, a diverse collections of people who are ancestral to or related to many Southern Han Chinese people, Southern Chinese ethnic minorities, modern-day Southeast Asians, and perhaps also the Yayoi people of Japan. There was also the Sanxingdui culture of Sichuan who were Tibeto-Burman so the peoples were already distantly related to the Sinitic Yangshao people as they shared Proto-Sino-Tibetan ancestors. The Huaxia would go on to form empires with the Qin Dynasty being the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the early great eras of the Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations — having been one of only six to have formed independently, one of only five to have developed a writing system independently (the only one still in use today!), and has the longest continuous history of any country in the world. The main "centers" of Chinese civilization in modern Sinology are considered to be the Yellow River, Liao River, and Yangtze River. This is in contrast to the old theory that Chinese civilization began solely at the Yellow River and radiated outwards although the Yellow River region would remain by far the most important area in Chinese history.

Chinese civilization began in what is today northern China along the banks of the Yellow River where early Sinitic-speaking agricultural tribes from the ''Yangshao culture'' called the ''Hua'' formed a confederacy with Liao River nomadic pastoral tribes called the ''Xia'' from the ''Hongshan culture''. Collectively these people became known as the ''Huaxia'', it is believed that the Hua migrated from what is today northwest China as a Proto-Sino-Tibetan people while the the Xia migrated from Siberia and shared genetic affinities with Uralic people and Yakuts. Chinese culture was more strongly influenced by the Hua with their language, silk production, millet agriculture, and potterymaking but with the religious practises of the Xia thus early Chinese religion was shamanistic. Shamanism would lose popularity in mainstream Chinese religion but the grand religious ceremonies and rituals of the Xia such as [[DragonsAreDivine dragon worship]] and feng shui would remain.

The Huaxia underwent extensive cultural and technological advancements largely due to the unpredictability of the Yellow River which they depended on. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the absorption of the Yangtze civilization which existed concurrently and gave Chinese civilization the knowledge of rice agriculture. The Yangtze civilizations were populated by basal East Asians who were ancestral to or related to many modern-day Southeast Asians and perhaps also the Yayoi people of Japan. There was also the Sanxingdui culture of Sichuan who were likely Tibeto-Burman meaning they were already related to the Sinitic Yangshao people as they shared Proto-Sino-Tibetan ancestors. The Huaxia would go on to form empires with the Qin Dynasty being the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the early great eras of the Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

The Huaxia underwent extensive cultural and technological advancements largely due to the unpredictability of the Yellow River which they depended on. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the absorption of the Yangtze civilization which existed concurrently and gave Chinese civilization the knowledge of rice agriculture. The Yangtze civilizations were populated by basal East Asians who were ancestral to or related to many modern-day Southeast Asians and perhaps also the Yayoi people of Japan. There was also the Sanxingdui culture of Sichuan who were likely Tibeto-Burman meaning they were already related to the Sinitic Yangshao people. The Huaxia would go on to form empires with the Qin Dynasty being the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the early great eras of the Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations — having been one of only six to have formed independently, one of only five to have developed a writing system independently (the only one still in use today!), and has the longest continuous history of any country in the world. Chinese civilization began in what is today northern China along the banks of the Yellow River where early Sinitic-speaking agricultural tribes from the ''Yangshao culture'' called the ''Hua'' formed a confederacy with Liao River nomadic pastoral tribes called the ''Xia'' from the ''Hongshan culture''. Collectively these people became known as the ''Huaxia'', it is believed that the Hua migrated from what is today northwest China as a Proto-Sino-Tibetan people while the the Xia migrated from Siberia and shared genetic affinities with Uralic people and Yakuts. Chinese culture was more strongly influenced by the Hua with their language, silk production, millet agriculture, and potterymaking but with the religious practises of the Xia thus early Chinese religion was shamanistic. Shamanism would lose popularity in mainstream Chinese religion but the grand religious ceremonies and rituals of the Xia such as [[DragonsAreDivine dragon worship]] and feng shui would remain.

The Huaxia underwent extensive cultural and technological advancements largely due to the unpredictability of the Yellow River which they depended on. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the absorption of the Yangtze civilization which existed concurrently and gave Chinese civilization the knowledge of rice agriculture. The Yangtze civilizations were populated by basal East Asians who were ancestral to or related to many modern-day Southeast Asians and perhaps the Yayoi people of Japan. The main "centers" of Chinese civilization in modern Sinology are considered to be the Yellow River, Liao River, and Yangtze River. This is in contrast to the old theory that Chinese civilization began solely at the Yellow River and radiated outwards although the Yellow River region would remain by far the most important area in Chinese history.

The Huaxia would go on to form empires with the Qin Dynasty being the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the early great eras of the Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

The Huaxia underwent extensive cultural and technological advancements largely due to the unpredictability of the Yellow River which they depended on. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the absorption of the Yangtze civilization which existed concurrently and gave Chinese civilization the knowledge of rice agriculture thus the main "centers" of Chinese civilization in modern Sinology are considered to be the Yellow River, Liao River, and Yangtze River. This is in contrast to the old theory that Chinese civilization began solely at the Yellow River and radiated outwards although the Yellow River region would remain by far the most important area in Chinese history. The Huaxia would go on to form empires with the Qin Dynasty being the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the early great eras of the Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations — having been one of only six to have formed independently, one of only five to have developed a writing system independently (the only one still in use today!), and has the longest continuous history of any country in the world. Chinese civilization began in what is today northern China along the banks of the Yellow River where early Sinitic-speaking agricultural tribes from the ''Yangshao culture'' called the ''Hua'' formed a confederacy with Liao River nomadic pastoral tribes called the ''Xia'' from the ''Hongshan culture''. Collectively these people became known as the ''Huaxia'', it is believed that the Hua migrated from what is today northwest China while the the Xia migrated from Siberia with Chinese culture being more strongly influenced by the Hua with their language, silk production, agriculture, and potterymaking but with the religious practises of the Xia thus early Chinese religion was shamanistic.

The Huaxia underwent extensive cultural and technological advancements largely due to the unpredictability of the Yellow River which they depended on. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the absorption of the southern Yangtze civilization peoples gave them knowledge of rice farming. The Huaxia would go on to form empires with the Qin Dynasty being the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the early great eras of the Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations — having been one of only six to have formed independently, one of only five to have developed a writing system independently (the only one still in use today!), and has the longest continuous history of any country in the world. Chinese civilization began in what is today northern China along the banks of the Yellow River where early Sinitic-speaking agricultural tribes from the ''Yangshao culture'' called the ''Hua'' formed a confederacy with Liao River hunter-gatherer tribes called the ''Xia'' from the ''Hongshan culture''. Collectively these people became known as the ''Huaxia'', it is believed that the Hua migrated from what is today northwest China while the the Xia migrated from Siberia with early Chinese culture being more strongly influenced by the Hua but with the religious practises of the Xia. The Huaxia underwent massive cultural and technological advancements largely due to unpredictability of the Yellow River which greatly increased their population and power. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the absorption of the Yangtze civilization gave them knowledge of rice farming. The Huaxia would go on to form empires with the Qin Dynasty being the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the early great eras of the Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations — having been one of only six to have formed independently, one of only five to have developed a writing system independently (the only one still in use today!), and has the longest continuous history of any country in the world. Chinese civilization began in what is today northern China along the banks of the Yellow River where early Sinitic-speaking agricultural tribes formed a confederacy known as the ''Huaxia''. The Huaxia underwent massive cultural and technological advancements which greatly increased their population and power. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the spread of Chinese culture to neighboring Asian peoples. The Huaxia would go on to form empires with the Qin Dynasty being the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the early great eras of the Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations — having been one of only six to have formed independently, one of only five to have developed a writing system independently, and has the longest continuous history of any country in the world. Chinese civilization began in what is today northern China along the banks of the Yellow River where early Sinitic-speaking agricultural tribes formed a confederacy known as the ''Huaxia''. The Huaxia underwent massive cultural and technological advancements which greatly increased their population and power. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the spread of Chinese culture to neighboring Asian peoples. The Huaxia would go on to form empires with the Qin Dynasty being the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the early great eras of the Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

In 2003, China became the third nation to have sent a man into space. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China [[PresidentForLife serves for life]], though true authority lies with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China[[note]]The Chairman's and Vice Chairman's seats were abolished, hence why the General Secretary now holds the highest authority in the party. [[/note]] while top military command goes to Chairman of the Central Military Commission, a role usually also hold by the General Secretary who's usually elected as the President (still known as the State Chairman in Chinese). Basically one has to hold these three positions to gain full power of the head of government of China. The General Secretary is secretly decided by the Communist Party.

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations — having been one of only six to have formed independently and has the longest continuous history of any country in the world. Chinese civilization began in what is today northern China along the banks of the Yellow River where early Sinitic-speaking agricultural tribes formed a confederacy known as the ''Huaxia''. The Huaxia underwent massive cultural and technological advancements which greatly increased their population and power. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the spread of Chinese culture to neighboring Asian peoples. The Huaxia would go on to form empires with the Qin Dynasty being the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the early great eras of the Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations — having been one of only six to have formed independently and has the longest continuous history of any country in the world. Chinese civilization began in what is today northern China along the banks of the Yellow River where early Sinitic-speaking agricultural tribes formed a confederacy known as the ''Huaxia''. The Huaxia underwent massive cultural and technological advancements which greatly increased their population and power. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the spread of Chinese culture to neighboring Asian peoples. The Huaxia would go on to form kingdoms and eventually empires with the Qin Dynasty being the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the early great eras of the Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations — having been one of only six to have formed independently and has the longest continuous history of any country in the world. Chinese civilization began in what is today northern China along the banks of the Yellow River where early Sinitic-speaking agricultural tribes formed a confederacy known as the ''Huaxia''. The Huaxia underwent massive cultural and technological advancements which greatly increased their population and power. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the spread of Chinese culture to neighboring Asian peoples. The Huaxia would eventually go on to form kingdoms and eventually empires with the Qin Dynasty forming the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the first great eras for Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and they are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations — having been one of only six to have formed independently and has the longest continuous history of any country in the world. Chinese civilization began in what is today northern China along the banks of the Yellow River where early Sinitic speaking agricultural tribes formed a confederacy known as the ''Huaxia''. The Huaxia underwent massive cultural and technological advancements which greatly increased their population and power. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the spread of Chinese culture to neighboring Asian peoples. The Huaxia would eventually go on to form kingdoms and eventually empires with the Qin Dynasty forming the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the first great eras for Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and they are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

China is one of the world's oldest civilizations — having been one of only six to have formed independently and has the longest continuous history of any country in the world. Chinese civilization began in what is today northern China along the banks of the Yellow River where early Sinitic speaking agricultural tribes formed a confederacy known as the ''Huaxia''. The Huaxia underwent massive cultural and technological advancements which greatly increased their population and power. The Huaxia began to conquer surrounding territories which allowed for their expansion and the spread of Chinese culture to neighboring Asian peoples. The Huaxia would eventually go on to form kingdoms and eventually empires with the Qin Dynasty forming the first unified Chinese empire. The Han Dynasty is considered one of the first great eras for Chinese civilization thus the Huaxia would go on to call themselves "Han people" and today the Huaxia are known as the "Han Chinese" in English.

A huge East Asian country, when people mention "Asia", the first country to pop up in your head, if not Japan, is probably going to be China ('''Chinese:''' 中国, ''Zhongguo''), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC) ('''Chinese:''' 中华人民共和国, ''Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo''). This has become so common that for some people, China is synonymous with Asia, much to the annoyance of everyone who isn't ignorant. As the most populated country in the world and third largest in area after Russia and Canada, and with an economy on the rise daily, the People's Republic of China is a country well worth understanding better, partly to avoid the many stereotypes of the country and the Chinese people over the years. In 2003, China became the third nation to have sent a man into space. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China [[PresidentForLife serves for life]], though true authority lies with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China[[note]]The Chairman's and Vice Chairman's seats were abolished, hence why the General Secretary now holds the highest authority in the party. [[/note]] while top military command goes to Chairman of the Central Military Commission, a role usually also hold by the General Secretary who's usually elected as the President (still known as the State Chairman in Chinese). Basically one has to hold these three positions to gain full power of the head of government of China. The General Secretary is secretly decided by the Communist Party.

A huge East Asian country, when people mention "Asia", the first country to pop up in your head, if not Japan, is probably going to be China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC). This has become so common that for some people, China is synonymous with Asia, much to the annoyance of everyone who isn't ignorant. As the most populated country in the world and third largest in area after Russia and Canada, and with an economy on the rise daily, the People's Republic of China is a country well worth understanding better, partly to avoid the many stereotypes of the country and the Chinese people over the years. In 2003, China became the third nation to have sent a man into space. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China [[PresidentForLife serves for life]], though true authority lies with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China[[note]]The Chairman's and Vice Chairman's seats were abolished, hence why the General Secretary now holds the highest authority in the party. [[/note]] while top military command goes to Chairman of the Central Military Commission, a role usually also hold by the General Secretary who's usually elected as the President (still known as the State Chairman in Chinese). Basically one has to hold these three positions to gain full power of the head of government of China. The General Secretary is secretly decided by the Communist Party.

When people mention "Asia" then the first country to pop up in your head is probably going to be China. This has become so common that for some people, China is synonymous with Asia, much to the annoyance of everyone who isn't ignorant. As the most populated country in the world, and with an economy on the rise daily, the People's Republic of China is a country well worth understanding better, partly to avoid the many stereotypes of the country and the Chinese people over the years. In 2003, China became the third nation to have sent a man into space. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China [[PresidentForLife serves for life]], though true authority lies with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China[[note]]The Chairman's and Vice Chairman's seats were abolished, hence why the General Secretary now holds the highest authority in the party. [[/note]] while top military command goes to Chairman of the Central Military Commission, a role usually also hold by the General Secretary who's usually elected as the President (still known as the State Chairman in Chinese). Basically one has to hold these three positions to gain full power of the head of government of China. The General Secretary is secretly decided by the Communist Party.

When people mention "Asia" then the first country to pop up in your head is probably going to be China. This has become so common that for some people, China is synonymous with Asia, much to the annoyance of everyone who isn't ignorant. As the most populated country in the world, and with an economy on the rise daily, the People's Republic of China is a country well worth understanding better, partly to avoid the many stereotypes of the country and the Chinese people over the years. In 2003, China became the third nation to have sent a man into space. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China [[PresidentForLife serves for life]], though true authority lies with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China[[note]]The Chairman's and Vice Chairman's seats were abolished, hence why the General Secretary now holds the highest authority in the party. [[/note]] while top military command goes to Chairman of the Central Military Commission, a role usually also hold by the General Secretary who's usually elected as the President (still known as the State Chairman in Chinese). Basically one has to hold these three positions to gain full power of the head of government of China. The candidate for the position of General Secretary is secretly decided by the Communist Party.

When people mention "Asia" then the first country to pop up in your head is probably going to be China. This has become so common that for some people, China is synonymous with Asia, much to the annoyance of everyone who isn't ignorant. As the most populated country in the world, and with an economy on the rise daily, the People's Republic of China is a country well worth understanding better, partly to avoid the many stereotypes of the country and the Chinese people over the years. In 2003, China became the third nation to have sent a man into space. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China [[PresidentForLife serves for life]], though true authority lies with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China[[note]]The Chairman's and Vice Chairman's seats were abolished, hence why the General Secretary now holds the highest authority in the party. [[/note]] while top military command goes to Chairman of the Central Military Commission, a role usually also hold by the General Secretary who's usually elected as the President (still known as the State Chairman in Chinese). Basically one has to hold these three positions to gain full power of the head of government of China. The candidate for General Secretary is secretly decided by the Communist Party.

When people mention "Asia" then the first country to pop up in your head is probably going to be China. This has become so common that for some people, China is synonymous with Asia, much to the annoyance of everyone who isn't ignorant. As the most populated country in the world, and with an economy on the rise daily, the People's Republic of China is a country well worth understanding better, partly to avoid the many stereotypes of the country and the Chinese people over the years. In 2003, China became the third nation to have sent a man into space. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China [[PresidentForLife serves for life]], though true authority lies with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China[[note]]The Chairman's and Vice Chairman's seats were abolished, hence why the General Secretary now holds the highest authority in the party. [[/note]] while top military command goes to Chairman of the Central Military Commission, a role usually also hold by the General Secretary who's usually elected as the President (still known as the State Chairman in Chinese). Basically one has to hold these three positions to gain full power of the head of government of China.

When people mention "Asia" then the first country to pop up in your head is probably going to be China. This has become so common that for some people, China is synonymous with Asia, much to the annoyance of everyone who isn't ignorant. As the most populated country in the world, and with an economy on the rise daily, the People's Republic of China is a country well worth understanding better, partly to avoid the many stereotypes of the country and the Chinese people over the years. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China [[PresidentForLife serves for life]], though true authority lies with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China[[note]]The Chairman's and Vice Chairman's seats were abolished, hence why the General Secretary now holds the highest authority in the party. [[/note]] while top military command goes to Chairman of the Central Military Commission, a role usually also hold by the General Secretary who's usually elected as the President (still known as the State Chairman in Chinese). Basically one has to hold these three positions to gain full power of the head of government of China.

* UsefulNotes/BaGua

When people mention "Asia" then the first country to pop up in your head is probably going to be China. This has become so common that for some people, China is synonymous with Asia, much to the annoyance of everyone who isn't ignorant. As the most populated country in the world, and with an economy on the rise daily, the People's Republic of China is a country well worth understanding better, partly to avoid the many stereotypes of the country and the Chinese people over the years. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China [[PresidentForLife serves for life]], though true authority lies with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China[[note]]The Chairman's and Vice Chairman's seats were abolished, hence why the General Secretary now holds the highest authority in the party. [[/note]] while top military command goes to Chairman of the Central Military Commission, a role usually also hold by the General Secretary who's also usually elected as the President (still known as the State Chairman in Chinese). Basically one has to hold these three positions to gain full power of the head of government of China.

When people mention "Asia" then the first country to pop up in your head is probably going to be China. This has become so common that for some people, China is synonymous with Asia, much to the annoyance of everyone who isn't ignorant. As the most populated country in the world, and with an economy on the rise daily, the People's Republic of China is a country well worth understanding better, partly to avoid the many stereotypes of the country and the Chinese people over the years. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China [[PresidentForLife serves for life]], though true authority lies with the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China [[note]] The Chairman's and Vice Chairman's seats were abolished, hence why the General Secretary now holds the highest authority in the party. [[/note]] while top military command goes to Chairman of the Central Military Commission, a role usually also hold by the General Secretary who's also usually elected as the President (still known as the State Chairman in Chinese). Basically one has to hold these three positions to gain full power of the head of government of China.

When people mention "Asia" then the first country to pop up in your head is probably going to be China. This has become so common that for some people, China is synonymous with Asia, much to the annoyance of everyone who isn't ignorant. As the most populated country in the world, and with an economy on the rise daily, the People's Republic of China is a country well worth understanding better, partly to avoid the many stereotypes of the country and the Chinese people over the years. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China [[PresidentForLife serves for life]], though true authority lies in the leader of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the General Secretary while top military command goes to Chairman of the Central Military Commission, a role usually also hold by the General Secretary who's usually elected as the President after the Chairman and Vice Chairman roles of the Communist Party of China were abolished. The President of China is still known as the State Chairman in Chinese.

When people mention "Asia" then the first country to pop up in your head is probably going to be China. This has become so common that for some people, China is synonymous with Asia, much to the annoyance of everyone who isn't ignorant. As the most populated country in the world, and with an economy on the rise daily, the People's Republic of China is a country well worth understanding better, partly to avoid the many stereotypes of the country and the Chinese people over the years. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China [[PresidentForLife serves for life]].