Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Useful Notes are not tropes. Murder Mystery is an index, not a trope.
Changed line(s) 20,32 (click to see context) from:
When Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in 1806 and fell back on his title of Francis I of the Empire of Austria (1804), the implied acceptance of the death of the [[UsefulNotes/HolyRomanEmpire Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]], though dictated by Napoleon, was simply a recognition of reality. Napoleon, however, having shattered German unity legally, ironically went a good way toward re-establishing it politically by amalgamating the tiny imperial states into larger units. He also rewarded his German allies and relatives with title upgrades, in the process creating new kingdoms. Bavaria and Württemberg became kingdoms on January 1, 1806, Saxony followed on December 20, and Westphalia was created as a kingdom for Napoleon's youngest brother Jérôme in 1807. After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 recognized most of these (Westphalia being a notable exception) while restoring some of the larger earlier units such as Hanover (now also raised to a Kingdom). UsefulNotes/{{Prussia}}, which had been halved in size after its defeat in 1807, was awarded substantial territories in the Rhineland and Saxony, in recognition of the magnitude of her efforts against Napoleon - and of her army.[[note]]This included the restoration of the territories west of the Elbe that had belonged to Prussia until 1806 and was in part considered a compensation for those territories in the east that were not restored to Prussia but used to form the Russian-controlled new Kingdom of Poland.[[/note]] After the Empire itself ceased, the run-up to the establishment of the ''[[UsefulNotes/ImperialGermany Deutsches Reich]]'' may be considered the period of AllTheLittleGermanies. (The first part, from 1815 to the [[UsefulNotes/RevolutionsOf1848 March Revolution of 1848]], is usually called the ''Biedermeier'' period[[note]] The name is taken from Gottlieb Biedermaier (note the "a"), a fictitious bourgeois Swabian poet, the alleged simple-minded writer of a number of parody poems that were published between 1848 and 1855[[/note]] in Germany).
The powerful nineteenth century impulse toward Nationalism spurred efforts to secure the establishment of a single German nation. But the exhaustion of Germans after a quarter century of war, the rivalry between the two great German powers, Catholic Austria and predominantly Protestant Prussia and the efforts of the rulers of medium-sized German states to increase their own power, plus the unwillingness of Great Britain, Russia, and France to see the emergence of a powerful Central European empire dashed these hopes. [[SmugSnake Ministers who had few scruples about what methods to use]] to promote the interests of their sovereigns (such as the Anglo-Irish Castlereagh, the Russian Nesselrode, the [[ManipulativeBastard wily Frenchman Talleyrand]], the Prussian Hardenberg, and the [[TheChessmaster influential Austrian Metternich]]) set up a European balance of power, which nonetheless did manage to preserve peace for four decades. Which means that until the CrimeanWar there was no war that pitted one of the five great powers against another.
Instead of a national state the Germans got the fairly loose German Confederation (''Deutscher Bund''), which consisted of 42 states (38 monarchies and four free cities), or more correctly, states and parts of states, as e. g. big chunks of Prussia and Austria lay outside its borders. The Confederation's legislative debating forum, the ''Bundestag'', unlike its [[PoliticalSystemOfGermany modern namesake]], was a no more than a permanent conference of ambassadors. It soon enabled Metternich to institute repressive measures to protect the ''[[StatusQuoIsGod status quo]]'' in Germany and Europe and to combat revolutionary and nationalist movements. This was institutionalized in the Karlsbad decrees of 1819, which most notably involved a tightening of the screws in the censorship of newspapers, periodicals and books. This aspect of the ''Biedermeier'' period goes under the headline of "Restoration" (''Restauration''), and some of the smaller states took it to ludicrous extremes. For instance in Electoral Hesse (''Kurhessen'', capital Kassel) it was even attempted for a time to restore the pre-1806 pigtails and to forbid state officials from wearing "seditious" mustaches.
The Romantic movement, which never really had a coherent political philosophy and which always had a huge interest in the past, indulged its nostalgic tendencies during the Biedermeier, often encouraged by monarchs who themselves felt that way, like Ludwig I of Bavaria and Frederick William IV of Prussia. The time of [[TheHighMiddleAges the Hohenstaufen]] was exalted as Germany's [[YeGoodeOldeDays Golden Age]], the exploration of traditional culture in the form of folk-lore and folk-music was encouraged as the proper expression of national sentiments, and religion took on the style, if not the substance, of [[ChristianityIsCatholic Roman Catholicism]], even among Protestants such as the painter Caspar David Friedrich. (A particular embodiment of this impulse was the recommencement, with the warm approval of Frederick William IV, of construction on the Catholic cathedral of Köln, abandoned in the sixteenth century.) However, at the same time the German states did make significant progress in other fields, notably in science, education, and industry. On the economic front, Prussia took the lead in replacing the outmoded forms (guilds, privileged enterprises etc.) with capitalist free enterprise and the removal of inner-Prussian and inner-German customs barriers. By 1854 most of the territories that would form the German Empire of 1871 (with the exception of Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg and the Hanseatic cities) had joined the Prussian-led Deutsche Zollverein (customs union). Thus the economic union preceded the political one. However, industrialization and the introduction of a free market was accompanied by economic hardship in many places, which e. g. led to revolts by impoverished hand-weavers in Silesia in the 1840s and which became an important "push" factor that made Germans the most numerous group of immigrants to the United States during the mid-19th century, just ahead of the Irish.
The flip side of ''Restauration'' during the Biedermeier period is called ''Vormärz'', "Before-March", referring to the European Revolution that broke out in Germany in March 1848. ''Vormärz'' refers to the diverse oppositional movements of the time: liberals, democrats, nationalists, early socialists etc., often associated with student societies (''Burschenschaften'') and the literary movement that came to be called "Young Germany". Discontent with the stagnation of the political development at home, many of them went to exile in Paris or Brussels after the Revolutions of 1830 and 1831. A wind of change did sweep through Germany in 1848 and 1849, and for the first time Germans (well, German men at any rate) elected a National Assembly, which convened in Frankfurt and framed a constitution. However, the attempt to set up a German national state failed, as Prussia, Austria and many other states the old monarchs, who never had entirely lost the hold over their armies, regained control of the situation. The last remnants of the more radical revolutionaries were put down with harsh military force, and many of them went into exile. Many of them ended up in the United States, where they became known as "Forty-Eighters", associated with the radical abolitionist wing of the nascent Republican party and went on to fight [[UsefulNotes/AmericanCivilWar another war for freedom]] some years later. Others ended up in Switzerland, like Music/RichardWagner, or in London, like Creator/KarlMarx. Nevertheless, the dream of a united Germany lived on, and things did not return to those of the ''Restauration'' era. Even Prussia now had to enact a written constitution, and states all over Germany got in the habit of having elected legislatures (even if some of them, like Prussia, elected them in systems which favoured the rich). The parties that would characterize German party politics for the next ca. 70 years began to take shape, and one of them, the Social Democratic Party (founded in the 1860s), continues to this day.
North German unity, at least, would be achieved when the Prussian prime-minister, [[UsefulNotes/OttoVonBismarck Otto von Bismarck-Schönhausen]] (after victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 effectively diminished Austrian influence among the German states) took advantage of the German nationalist sentiment inspired by Prussia's successful war with France in 1870 to have the William I of Prussia crowned German Emperor at Versailles in 1871. Substantial bribes to various South German sovereigns and ministers (many of whom were, in any case, more nervous of Austria than of a more distant Prussia) secured the acquiescence of Catholic Germany. The [[ImperialGermany Second]] ''[[ImperialGermany Reich]]'' had begun.
In popular culture outside Germany, the unrest of this time period is all but ignored. AllTheLittleGermanies, so far as fiction is concerned, is pure ''Gemütlichkeit'', with lots of diplomats waltzing in embroidered tailcoats and silk stockings, ''Burschen'' dueling (as often with large Steins of Pilsner as with sabres), mob-capped grandmothers telling fairy tales, blue-eyed peasant maidens singing folk songs (especially [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdOUWbYnsFA Die Lorelei]] [[note]]Although that one is NOT a folk song. The Lorelay as a fair maiden dooming passing boats was a contemporary invention which afterwards got [[NewerThanTheyThink misrepresented as folklore]][[/note]]), and dozens of aristocratic Uhlans and Hussars in multi-colored uniforms to woo them.
The powerful nineteenth century impulse toward Nationalism spurred efforts to secure the establishment of a single German nation. But the exhaustion of Germans after a quarter century of war, the rivalry between the two great German powers, Catholic Austria and predominantly Protestant Prussia and the efforts of the rulers of medium-sized German states to increase their own power, plus the unwillingness of Great Britain, Russia, and France to see the emergence of a powerful Central European empire dashed these hopes. [[SmugSnake Ministers who had few scruples about what methods to use]] to promote the interests of their sovereigns (such as the Anglo-Irish Castlereagh, the Russian Nesselrode, the [[ManipulativeBastard wily Frenchman Talleyrand]], the Prussian Hardenberg, and the [[TheChessmaster influential Austrian Metternich]]) set up a European balance of power, which nonetheless did manage to preserve peace for four decades. Which means that until the CrimeanWar there was no war that pitted one of the five great powers against another.
Instead of a national state the Germans got the fairly loose German Confederation (''Deutscher Bund''), which consisted of 42 states (38 monarchies and four free cities), or more correctly, states and parts of states, as e. g. big chunks of Prussia and Austria lay outside its borders. The Confederation's legislative debating forum, the ''Bundestag'', unlike its [[PoliticalSystemOfGermany modern namesake]], was a no more than a permanent conference of ambassadors. It soon enabled Metternich to institute repressive measures to protect the ''[[StatusQuoIsGod status quo]]'' in Germany and Europe and to combat revolutionary and nationalist movements. This was institutionalized in the Karlsbad decrees of 1819, which most notably involved a tightening of the screws in the censorship of newspapers, periodicals and books. This aspect of the ''Biedermeier'' period goes under the headline of "Restoration" (''Restauration''), and some of the smaller states took it to ludicrous extremes. For instance in Electoral Hesse (''Kurhessen'', capital Kassel) it was even attempted for a time to restore the pre-1806 pigtails and to forbid state officials from wearing "seditious" mustaches.
The Romantic movement, which never really had a coherent political philosophy and which always had a huge interest in the past, indulged its nostalgic tendencies during the Biedermeier, often encouraged by monarchs who themselves felt that way, like Ludwig I of Bavaria and Frederick William IV of Prussia. The time of [[TheHighMiddleAges the Hohenstaufen]] was exalted as Germany's [[YeGoodeOldeDays Golden Age]], the exploration of traditional culture in the form of folk-lore and folk-music was encouraged as the proper expression of national sentiments, and religion took on the style, if not the substance, of [[ChristianityIsCatholic Roman Catholicism]], even among Protestants such as the painter Caspar David Friedrich. (A particular embodiment of this impulse was the recommencement, with the warm approval of Frederick William IV, of construction on the Catholic cathedral of Köln, abandoned in the sixteenth century.) However, at the same time the German states did make significant progress in other fields, notably in science, education, and industry. On the economic front, Prussia took the lead in replacing the outmoded forms (guilds, privileged enterprises etc.) with capitalist free enterprise and the removal of inner-Prussian and inner-German customs barriers. By 1854 most of the territories that would form the German Empire of 1871 (with the exception of Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg and the Hanseatic cities) had joined the Prussian-led Deutsche Zollverein (customs union). Thus the economic union preceded the political one. However, industrialization and the introduction of a free market was accompanied by economic hardship in many places, which e. g. led to revolts by impoverished hand-weavers in Silesia in the 1840s and which became an important "push" factor that made Germans the most numerous group of immigrants to the United States during the mid-19th century, just ahead of the Irish.
The flip side of ''Restauration'' during the Biedermeier period is called ''Vormärz'', "Before-March", referring to the European Revolution that broke out in Germany in March 1848. ''Vormärz'' refers to the diverse oppositional movements of the time: liberals, democrats, nationalists, early socialists etc., often associated with student societies (''Burschenschaften'') and the literary movement that came to be called "Young Germany". Discontent with the stagnation of the political development at home, many of them went to exile in Paris or Brussels after the Revolutions of 1830 and 1831. A wind of change did sweep through Germany in 1848 and 1849, and for the first time Germans (well, German men at any rate) elected a National Assembly, which convened in Frankfurt and framed a constitution. However, the attempt to set up a German national state failed, as Prussia, Austria and many other states the old monarchs, who never had entirely lost the hold over their armies, regained control of the situation. The last remnants of the more radical revolutionaries were put down with harsh military force, and many of them went into exile. Many of them ended up in the United States, where they became known as "Forty-Eighters", associated with the radical abolitionist wing of the nascent Republican party and went on to fight [[UsefulNotes/AmericanCivilWar another war for freedom]] some years later. Others ended up in Switzerland, like Music/RichardWagner, or in London, like Creator/KarlMarx. Nevertheless, the dream of a united Germany lived on, and things did not return to those of the ''Restauration'' era. Even Prussia now had to enact a written constitution, and states all over Germany got in the habit of having elected legislatures (even if some of them, like Prussia, elected them in systems which favoured the rich). The parties that would characterize German party politics for the next ca. 70 years began to take shape, and one of them, the Social Democratic Party (founded in the 1860s), continues to this day.
North German unity, at least, would be achieved when the Prussian prime-minister, [[UsefulNotes/OttoVonBismarck Otto von Bismarck-Schönhausen]] (after victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 effectively diminished Austrian influence among the German states) took advantage of the German nationalist sentiment inspired by Prussia's successful war with France in 1870 to have the William I of Prussia crowned German Emperor at Versailles in 1871. Substantial bribes to various South German sovereigns and ministers (many of whom were, in any case, more nervous of Austria than of a more distant Prussia) secured the acquiescence of Catholic Germany. The [[ImperialGermany Second]] ''[[ImperialGermany Reich]]'' had begun.
In popular culture outside Germany, the unrest of this time period is all but ignored. AllTheLittleGermanies, so far as fiction is concerned, is pure ''Gemütlichkeit'', with lots of diplomats waltzing in embroidered tailcoats and silk stockings, ''Burschen'' dueling (as often with large Steins of Pilsner as with sabres), mob-capped grandmothers telling fairy tales, blue-eyed peasant maidens singing folk songs (especially [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdOUWbYnsFA Die Lorelei]] [[note]]Although that one is NOT a folk song. The Lorelay as a fair maiden dooming passing boats was a contemporary invention which afterwards got [[NewerThanTheyThink misrepresented as folklore]][[/note]]), and dozens of aristocratic Uhlans and Hussars in multi-colored uniforms to woo them.
to:
When Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in 1806 and fell back on his title of Francis I of the Empire of Austria (1804), the implied acceptance of the death of the [[UsefulNotes/HolyRomanEmpire Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]], though dictated by Napoleon, was simply a recognition of reality. Napoleon, however, having shattered German unity legally, ironically went a good way toward re-establishing it politically by amalgamating the tiny imperial states into larger units. He also rewarded his German allies and relatives with title upgrades, in the process creating new kingdoms. Bavaria and Württemberg became kingdoms on January 1, 1806, Saxony followed on December 20, and Westphalia was created as a kingdom for Napoleon's youngest brother Jérôme in 1807. After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 recognized most of these (Westphalia being a notable exception) while restoring some of the larger earlier units such as Hanover (now also raised to a Kingdom). UsefulNotes/{{Prussia}}, which had been halved in size after its defeat in 1807, was awarded substantial territories in the Rhineland and Saxony, in recognition of the magnitude of her efforts against Napoleon - and of her army.[[note]]This included the restoration of the territories west of the Elbe that had belonged to Prussia until 1806 and was in part considered a compensation for those territories in the east that were not restored to Prussia but used to form the Russian-controlled new Kingdom of Poland.[[/note]] After the Empire itself ceased, the run-up to the establishment of the ''[[UsefulNotes/ImperialGermany Deutsches Reich]]'' may be considered the period of AllTheLittleGermanies.All the Little Germanies. (The first part, from 1815 to the [[UsefulNotes/RevolutionsOf1848 March Revolution of 1848]], is usually called the ''Biedermeier'' period[[note]] The name is taken from Gottlieb Biedermaier (note the "a"), a fictitious bourgeois Swabian poet, the alleged simple-minded writer of a number of parody poems that were published between 1848 and 1855[[/note]] in Germany).
The powerful nineteenth century impulse toward Nationalism spurred efforts to secure the establishment of a single German nation. But the exhaustion of Germans after a quarter century of war, the rivalry between the two great German powers, Catholic Austria and predominantly Protestant Prussia and the efforts of the rulers of medium-sized German states to increase their own power, plus the unwillingness of Great Britain, Russia, and France to see the emergence of a powerful Central European empire dashed these hopes.[[SmugSnake Ministers who had few scruples about what methods to use]] use to promote the interests of their sovereigns (such as the Anglo-Irish Castlereagh, the Russian Nesselrode, the [[ManipulativeBastard wily Frenchman Talleyrand]], Talleyrand, the Prussian Hardenberg, and the [[TheChessmaster influential Austrian Metternich]]) Metternich) set up a European balance of power, which nonetheless did manage to preserve peace for four decades. Which means that until the CrimeanWar UsefulNotes/TheCrimeanWar there was no war that pitted one of the five great powers against another.
Instead of a national state the Germans got the fairly loose German Confederation (''Deutscher Bund''), which consisted of 42 states (38 monarchies and four free cities), or more correctly, states and parts of states, as e. g. big chunks of Prussia and Austria lay outside its borders. The Confederation's legislative debating forum, the ''Bundestag'', unlike its[[PoliticalSystemOfGermany [[UsefulNotes/PoliticalSystemOfGermany modern namesake]], was a no more than a permanent conference of ambassadors. It soon enabled Metternich to institute repressive measures to protect the ''[[StatusQuoIsGod status quo]]'' in Germany and Europe and to combat revolutionary and nationalist movements. This was institutionalized in the Karlsbad decrees of 1819, which most notably involved a tightening of the screws in the censorship of newspapers, periodicals and books. This aspect of the ''Biedermeier'' period goes under the headline of "Restoration" (''Restauration''), and some of the smaller states took it to ludicrous extremes. For instance instance, in Electoral Hesse (''Kurhessen'', capital Kassel) it was even attempted for a time to restore the pre-1806 pigtails and to forbid state officials from wearing "seditious" mustaches.
The Romantic movement, which never really had a coherent political philosophy and which always had a huge interest in the past, indulged its nostalgic tendencies during the Biedermeier, often encouraged by monarchs who themselves felt that way, like Ludwig I of Bavaria and Frederick William IV of Prussia. The time of [[TheHighMiddleAges the Hohenstaufen]] was exalted as Germany's [[YeGoodeOldeDays Golden Age]], the exploration of traditional culture in the form of folk-lore and folk-music was encouraged as the proper expression of national sentiments, and religion took on the style, if not the substance, of [[ChristianityIsCatholic Roman Catholicism]], even among Protestants such as the painter Caspar David Friedrich. (A particular embodiment of this impulse was the recommencement, with the warm approval of Frederick William IV, of construction on the Catholic cathedral of Köln, abandoned in the sixteenth century.) However, at the same time the German states did make significant progress in other fields, notably in science, education, and industry. On the economic front, Prussia took the lead in replacing the outmoded forms (guilds, privileged enterprises etc.) with capitalist free enterprise and the removal of inner-Prussian and inner-German customs barriers. By 1854 most of the territories that would form the German Empire of 1871 (with the exception of Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg and the Hanseatic cities) had joined the Prussian-led Deutsche Zollverein (customs union). Thus the economic union preceded the political one. However, industrialization and the introduction of a free market was accompanied by economic hardship in many places, which e. g. led to revolts by impoverished hand-weavers in Silesia in the 1840s and which became an important "push" factor that made Germans the most numerous group of immigrants to the United States during the mid-19th century, just ahead of the Irish.
The flip side of ''Restauration'' during the Biedermeier period is called ''Vormärz'', "Before-March", referring to the European Revolution that broke out in Germany in March 1848. ''Vormärz'' refers to the diverse oppositional movements of the time: liberals, democrats, nationalists, early socialists etc., often associated with student societies (''Burschenschaften'') and the literary movement that came to be called "Young Germany". Discontent with the stagnation of the political development at home, many of them went to exile in Paris or Brussels after the Revolutions of 1830 and 1831. A wind of change did sweep through Germany in 1848 and 1849, and for the first time Germans (well, German men at any rate) elected a National Assembly, which convened in Frankfurt and framed a constitution. However, the attempt to set up a German national state failed, as Prussia, Austria and many other states the old monarchs, who never had entirely lost the hold over their armies, regained control of the situation. The last remnants of the more radical revolutionaries were put down with harsh military force, and many of them went into exile. Many of them ended up in the United States, where they became known as "Forty-Eighters", associated with the radical abolitionist wing of the nascent Republican party and went on to fight [[UsefulNotes/AmericanCivilWar another war for freedom]] some years later. Others ended up in Switzerland, like Music/RichardWagner, or in London, like Creator/KarlMarx. Nevertheless, the dream of a united Germany lived on, and things did not return to those of the ''Restauration'' era. Even Prussia now had to enact a written constitution, and states all over Germany got in the habit of having elected legislatures (even if some of them, like Prussia, elected them in systems which favoured the rich). The parties that would characterize German party politics for the next ca. 70 years began to take shape, and one of them, the Social Democratic Party (founded in the 1860s), continues to this day.
North German unity, at least, would be achieved when the Prussian prime-minister, [[UsefulNotes/OttoVonBismarck Otto von Bismarck-Schönhausen]] (after victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 effectively diminished Austrian influence among the German states) took advantage of the German nationalist sentiment inspired by Prussia's successful war with France in 1870 to have the William I of Prussia crowned German Emperor at Versailles in 1871. Substantial bribes to various South German sovereigns and ministers (many of whom were, in any case, more nervous of Austria than of a more distant Prussia) secured the acquiescence of Catholic Germany. The[[ImperialGermany [[UsefulNotes/ImperialGermany Second]] ''[[ImperialGermany ''[[UsefulNotes/ImperialGermany Reich]]'' had begun.
In popular culture outside Germany, the unrest of this time period is all but ignored.AllTheLittleGermanies, All the Little Germanies, so far as fiction is concerned, is pure ''Gemütlichkeit'', with lots of diplomats waltzing in embroidered tailcoats and silk stockings, ''Burschen'' dueling (as often with large Steins of Pilsner as with sabres), mob-capped grandmothers telling fairy tales, blue-eyed peasant maidens singing folk songs (especially [[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdOUWbYnsFA Die Lorelei]] [[note]]Although that one is NOT a folk song. The Lorelay as a fair maiden dooming passing boats was a contemporary invention which afterwards got [[NewerThanTheyThink misrepresented as folklore]][[/note]]), and dozens of aristocratic Uhlans and Hussars in multi-colored uniforms to woo them.
The powerful nineteenth century impulse toward Nationalism spurred efforts to secure the establishment of a single German nation. But the exhaustion of Germans after a quarter century of war, the rivalry between the two great German powers, Catholic Austria and predominantly Protestant Prussia and the efforts of the rulers of medium-sized German states to increase their own power, plus the unwillingness of Great Britain, Russia, and France to see the emergence of a powerful Central European empire dashed these hopes.
Instead of a national state the Germans got the fairly loose German Confederation (''Deutscher Bund''), which consisted of 42 states (38 monarchies and four free cities), or more correctly, states and parts of states, as e. g. big chunks of Prussia and Austria lay outside its borders. The Confederation's legislative debating forum, the ''Bundestag'', unlike its
The Romantic movement, which never really had a coherent political philosophy and which always had a huge interest in the past, indulged its nostalgic tendencies during the Biedermeier, often encouraged by monarchs who themselves felt that way, like Ludwig I of Bavaria and Frederick William IV of Prussia. The time of [[TheHighMiddleAges the Hohenstaufen]] was exalted as Germany's [[YeGoodeOldeDays Golden Age]], the exploration of traditional culture in the form of folk-lore and folk-music was encouraged as the proper expression of national sentiments, and religion took on the style, if not the substance, of [[ChristianityIsCatholic Roman Catholicism]], even among Protestants such as the painter Caspar David Friedrich. (A particular embodiment of this impulse was the recommencement, with the warm approval of Frederick William IV, of construction on the Catholic cathedral of Köln, abandoned in the sixteenth century.) However, at the same time the German states did make significant progress in other fields, notably in science, education, and industry. On the economic front, Prussia took the lead in replacing the outmoded forms (guilds, privileged enterprises etc.) with capitalist free enterprise and the removal of inner-Prussian and inner-German customs barriers. By 1854 most of the territories that would form the German Empire of 1871 (with the exception of Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg and the Hanseatic cities) had joined the Prussian-led Deutsche Zollverein (customs union). Thus the economic union preceded the political one. However, industrialization and the introduction of a free market was accompanied by economic hardship in many places, which e. g. led to revolts by impoverished hand-weavers in Silesia in the 1840s and which became an important "push" factor that made Germans the most numerous group of immigrants to the United States during the mid-19th century, just ahead of the Irish.
The flip side of ''Restauration'' during the Biedermeier period is called ''Vormärz'', "Before-March", referring to the European Revolution that broke out in Germany in March 1848. ''Vormärz'' refers to the diverse oppositional movements of the time: liberals, democrats, nationalists, early socialists etc., often associated with student societies (''Burschenschaften'') and the literary movement that came to be called "Young Germany". Discontent with the stagnation of the political development at home, many of them went to exile in Paris or Brussels after the Revolutions of 1830 and 1831. A wind of change did sweep through Germany in 1848 and 1849, and for the first time Germans (well, German men at any rate) elected a National Assembly, which convened in Frankfurt and framed a constitution. However, the attempt to set up a German national state failed, as Prussia, Austria and many other states the old monarchs, who never had entirely lost the hold over their armies, regained control of the situation. The last remnants of the more radical revolutionaries were put down with harsh military force, and many of them went into exile. Many of them ended up in the United States, where they became known as "Forty-Eighters", associated with the radical abolitionist wing of the nascent Republican party and went on to fight [[UsefulNotes/AmericanCivilWar another war for freedom]] some years later. Others ended up in Switzerland, like Music/RichardWagner, or in London, like Creator/KarlMarx. Nevertheless, the dream of a united Germany lived on, and things did not return to those of the ''Restauration'' era. Even Prussia now had to enact a written constitution, and states all over Germany got in the habit of having elected legislatures (even if some of them, like Prussia, elected them in systems which favoured the rich). The parties that would characterize German party politics for the next ca. 70 years began to take shape, and one of them, the Social Democratic Party (founded in the 1860s), continues to this day.
North German unity, at least, would be achieved when the Prussian prime-minister, [[UsefulNotes/OttoVonBismarck Otto von Bismarck-Schönhausen]] (after victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 effectively diminished Austrian influence among the German states) took advantage of the German nationalist sentiment inspired by Prussia's successful war with France in 1870 to have the William I of Prussia crowned German Emperor at Versailles in 1871. Substantial bribes to various South German sovereigns and ministers (many of whom were, in any case, more nervous of Austria than of a more distant Prussia) secured the acquiescence of Catholic Germany. The
In popular culture outside Germany, the unrest of this time period is all but ignored.
Changed line(s) 34,36 (click to see context) from:
!! Tropes associated with All The Little Germanies include:
* AmazingTechnicolorWorld: As an exhibition demonstrated a few years ago, people in the Biedermeier really liked bright colours, creating wallpapers and upholstery decorated in bright complementary colours (purple-yellow, red-green, blue-orange) as popularized by Creator/JohannWolfgangVonGoethe in his theory of colours. This was partially facilitated by the emergence of new artificial, industrially produced pigments. Some of these, most famously [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Green Schweinfurt Green]], turned out to be highly toxic, however.
* AmazingTechnicolorWorld: As an exhibition demonstrated a few years ago, people in the Biedermeier really liked bright colours, creating wallpapers and upholstery decorated in bright complementary colours (purple-yellow, red-green, blue-orange) as popularized by Creator/JohannWolfgangVonGoethe in his theory of colours. This was partially facilitated by the emergence of new artificial, industrially produced pigments. Some of these, most famously [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Green Schweinfurt Green]], turned out to be highly toxic, however.
to:
!! Tropes associated with All The the Little Germanies include:
*AmazingTechnicolorWorld: AmazingTechnicolorWorld:
** As an exhibition demonstrated a few years ago, people in the Biedermeier really liked bright colours, creating wallpapers and upholstery decorated in bright complementary colours (purple-yellow, red-green, blue-orange) as popularized by Creator/JohannWolfgangVonGoethe in his theory of colours. This was partially facilitated by the emergence of new artificial, industrially produced pigments. Some of these, most famously [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Green Schweinfurt Green]], turned out to be highly toxic, however.
*
** As an exhibition demonstrated a few years ago, people in the Biedermeier really liked bright colours, creating wallpapers and upholstery decorated in bright complementary colours (purple-yellow, red-green, blue-orange) as popularized by Creator/JohannWolfgangVonGoethe in his theory of colours. This was partially facilitated by the emergence of new artificial, industrially produced pigments. Some of these, most famously [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Green Schweinfurt Green]], turned out to be highly toxic, however.
Changed line(s) 38 (click to see context) from:
* ArrangedMarriage: Still very much the standard for members of ruling houses, but also for the upper and middle classes, despite the idea of marrying for love gaining ground thanks to its fictional portrayals. For instance, in some places it was still possible for a guild to tell a journeyman who became a master that he must marry another master's widow.
to:
* ArrangedMarriage: ArrangedMarriage:
** Still very much the standard for members of ruling houses, but also for the upper and middle classes, despite the idea of marrying for love gaining ground thanks to its fictional portrayals. For instance, in some places it was still possible for a guild to tell a journeyman who became a master that he must marry another master's widow.
** Still very much the standard for members of ruling houses, but also for the upper and middle classes, despite the idea of marrying for love gaining ground thanks to its fictional portrayals. For instance, in some places it was still possible for a guild to tell a journeyman who became a master that he must marry another master's widow.
Changed line(s) 42,43 (click to see context) from:
* CoolTrain: The first German railway line, between Nuremberg and Fürth in the kingdom of Bavaria, was opened in 1835, and soon a railway network began to evolve in several states, Prussia taking the lead.
* {{Cosplay}}: At the "Festival of the White Rose" in Potsdam (13 July 1829) in honour of the birthday of visting Czarina Alexandra Fyodorovna (daughter of King Frederick William III) princes and nobles performed a "carrousel" and "living pictures" that lasted until the morning of the next day dressed up as medieval knights. Architect and painter Karl Friedrich Schinkel was responsible for the designs. This was because Alexandra was a fan of the historical novels of Friedrich de la Motte-Fouqué; in her family she had the nickname "Blanchefleur", after one of Fouqué's characters.
* {{Cosplay}}: At the "Festival of the White Rose" in Potsdam (13 July 1829) in honour of the birthday of visting Czarina Alexandra Fyodorovna (daughter of King Frederick William III) princes and nobles performed a "carrousel" and "living pictures" that lasted until the morning of the next day dressed up as medieval knights. Architect and painter Karl Friedrich Schinkel was responsible for the designs. This was because Alexandra was a fan of the historical novels of Friedrich de la Motte-Fouqué; in her family she had the nickname "Blanchefleur", after one of Fouqué's characters.
to:
* CoolTrain: The first German railway line, between Nuremberg and Fürth in the kingdom of Bavaria, was opened in 1835, and soon a railway network began to evolve in several states, Prussia taking the lead.
* {{Cosplay}}: At the "Festival of the White Rose" in Potsdam (13 July 1829) in honour of the birthday ofvisting visiting Czarina Alexandra Fyodorovna (daughter of King Frederick William III) princes and nobles performed a "carrousel" and "living pictures" that lasted until the morning of the next day dressed up as medieval knights. Architect and painter Karl Friedrich Schinkel was responsible for the designs. This was because Alexandra was a fan of the historical novels of Friedrich de la Motte-Fouqué; in her family she had the nickname "Blanchefleur", after one of Fouqué's characters.
* {{Cosplay}}: At the "Festival of the White Rose" in Potsdam (13 July 1829) in honour of the birthday of
Changed line(s) 45,53 (click to see context) from:
* GermanEducationSystem: The educational reforms instituted by Wilhelm von Humboldt and others during the early 19th century went on to shape universities and high schools for over a century. Some of the newly founded universities, especially Berlin, Bonn and Munich, assembled some of the greatest thinkers and scientists of the day into their faculties, but also some of the older ones, such as Göttingen, continued to flourish. Heidelberg, one of the oldest, went through a remarkable renaissance and began to shape the way German universities were perceived abroad.
* HappilyMarried: This became very much an ideal during the ''Biedermeier'', in part because the more severe policing of public assemblies and societies led many to retreat into private life, and living a contented, harmonious life with your family became something to be praised in works of fiction, art etc. Interestingly this also led to the rulers' family lives to be held up to much greater scrutiny than in the 18th century. For instance King Ludwig I of Bavaria in the end had to abdicate over his liaison with the Irish dancer Lola Montez.
* MurderMystery: One of the new genres of the era, pioneered by E.T.A. Hoffmann's ''Das Fräulein von Scuderi'' (1819) and ''Die Judenbuche'' (1842) by Annette von Droste-Hülshoff. In real life, the mysterious appearance and death of Kaspar Hauser (1833), keeps people guessing to this day. If it was a murder, who was responsible? Or was Kaspar Hauser an impostor who died because he botched an attempt to fake an assassination attempt?
* NiceHat: The era saw a few. Men wore various types of toppers, while in the 1840s the Italian-style ''Kalabreser'' came to be regarded as the hat of radicals and democrats. Women wore mob caps and the like, often cut in a way that protected the face from becoming unfashionably tanned. The military switched from tricorn hats to shakos and later képis and ''Pickelhauben''.
* {{Oktoberfest}}: The first one was held in Munich in 1810 to celebrate the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria and Princess Therese; [[EarlyInstallmentWeirdness the main event was a horse-race]]. After the Napoleonic Wars it became the annual popular fair we know today. The first ''Oktoberfest'' also for the first time created widespread interest in traditional folk dress among the upper and middle classes. However, folk dress still looked rather different from what one associates with Bavaria today; for instance the ''Dirndl'' dress only began to emerge in the 1880s and 1890s. During the early and mid-1800s, ''Lederhosen'' were almost exclusively worn by hunters, being too expensive and impractical for everyday wear; Bavarian peasants wore cloth trousers to work, which rather resembled the ones tailored by a Bavarian emigrant to America, Levi Strauss.
* OurMermaidsAreDifferent: One of the the great international literary successes of the time was the novella ''Undine'' (1811) by Friedrich de la Motte-Fouqué. The romantic and sad story of mermaid Undine who falls in love with the knight Huldbrand was adapted by Fouqué into an opera with music by his friend Creator/ETAHoffmann (1816), two other opera adaptations were written by Albert Lortzing (1845) and Music/PyotrIlyichTchaikovsky (1869). ''Undine'' led to a fashion for mermaids, nixies and sirens among German and [[Literature/TheLittleMermaid other]] [[Music/AntoninDvorak creators]], for instance in poems by Goethe, Heine, and Joseph von Eichendorff, as well as the story ''Die Historie von der schönen Lau'' ("The history of the Fair Lau") by Eduard Mörike and Richard Wagner's Rhinemaidens.
* UsefulNotes/PrussiansInPickelhauben: The ''Pickelhaube'' helmet (in a much larger size than the models worn in 1870 or 1914) was introduced as the new standard headdress of the Prussian army shortly after Frederick William IV's accession to the throne in 1840. The 1840s also saw the Prussians introduce the Dreyse needle-gun, one of the first standard breech-loading rifles.
* {{Romanticism}}: To a large extent dominated literature, the arts, and especially music, with composers like Music/LudwigVanBeethoven, Music/JohannesBrahms, Fanny Hensel (née Mendelssohn), Creator/ETAHoffmann, Heinrich August Marschner, Music/FelixMendelssohn, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Music/FranzSchubert, Music/RobertSchumann, Music/RichardWagner, and Carl Maria von Weber.
* RomanticismVsEnlightenment: As many Romantics became more "mainstream" and conservative, new social and political movements as well as the writers of "Young Germany" swung back to an approach closer to those of the Age of Enlightenment.
* HappilyMarried: This became very much an ideal during the ''Biedermeier'', in part because the more severe policing of public assemblies and societies led many to retreat into private life, and living a contented, harmonious life with your family became something to be praised in works of fiction, art etc. Interestingly this also led to the rulers' family lives to be held up to much greater scrutiny than in the 18th century. For instance King Ludwig I of Bavaria in the end had to abdicate over his liaison with the Irish dancer Lola Montez.
* MurderMystery: One of the new genres of the era, pioneered by E.T.A. Hoffmann's ''Das Fräulein von Scuderi'' (1819) and ''Die Judenbuche'' (1842) by Annette von Droste-Hülshoff. In real life, the mysterious appearance and death of Kaspar Hauser (1833), keeps people guessing to this day. If it was a murder, who was responsible? Or was Kaspar Hauser an impostor who died because he botched an attempt to fake an assassination attempt?
* NiceHat: The era saw a few. Men wore various types of toppers, while in the 1840s the Italian-style ''Kalabreser'' came to be regarded as the hat of radicals and democrats. Women wore mob caps and the like, often cut in a way that protected the face from becoming unfashionably tanned. The military switched from tricorn hats to shakos and later képis and ''Pickelhauben''.
* {{Oktoberfest}}: The first one was held in Munich in 1810 to celebrate the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria and Princess Therese; [[EarlyInstallmentWeirdness the main event was a horse-race]]. After the Napoleonic Wars it became the annual popular fair we know today. The first ''Oktoberfest'' also for the first time created widespread interest in traditional folk dress among the upper and middle classes. However, folk dress still looked rather different from what one associates with Bavaria today; for instance the ''Dirndl'' dress only began to emerge in the 1880s and 1890s. During the early and mid-1800s, ''Lederhosen'' were almost exclusively worn by hunters, being too expensive and impractical for everyday wear; Bavarian peasants wore cloth trousers to work, which rather resembled the ones tailored by a Bavarian emigrant to America, Levi Strauss.
* OurMermaidsAreDifferent: One of the the great international literary successes of the time was the novella ''Undine'' (1811) by Friedrich de la Motte-Fouqué. The romantic and sad story of mermaid Undine who falls in love with the knight Huldbrand was adapted by Fouqué into an opera with music by his friend Creator/ETAHoffmann (1816), two other opera adaptations were written by Albert Lortzing (1845) and Music/PyotrIlyichTchaikovsky (1869). ''Undine'' led to a fashion for mermaids, nixies and sirens among German and [[Literature/TheLittleMermaid other]] [[Music/AntoninDvorak creators]], for instance in poems by Goethe, Heine, and Joseph von Eichendorff, as well as the story ''Die Historie von der schönen Lau'' ("The history of the Fair Lau") by Eduard Mörike and Richard Wagner's Rhinemaidens.
* UsefulNotes/PrussiansInPickelhauben: The ''Pickelhaube'' helmet (in a much larger size than the models worn in 1870 or 1914) was introduced as the new standard headdress of the Prussian army shortly after Frederick William IV's accession to the throne in 1840. The 1840s also saw the Prussians introduce the Dreyse needle-gun, one of the first standard breech-loading rifles.
* {{Romanticism}}: To a large extent dominated literature, the arts, and especially music, with composers like Music/LudwigVanBeethoven, Music/JohannesBrahms, Fanny Hensel (née Mendelssohn), Creator/ETAHoffmann, Heinrich August Marschner, Music/FelixMendelssohn, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Music/FranzSchubert, Music/RobertSchumann, Music/RichardWagner, and Carl Maria von Weber.
* RomanticismVsEnlightenment: As many Romantics became more "mainstream" and conservative, new social and political movements as well as the writers of "Young Germany" swung back to an approach closer to those of the Age of Enlightenment.
to:
* {{Oktoberfest}}: The first one was held in Munich in 1810 to celebrate the wedding of Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria and Princess Therese; [[EarlyInstallmentWeirdness the main event was a horse-race]]. After the Napoleonic Wars it became the annual popular fair we know today. The first ''Oktoberfest'' also for the first time created widespread interest in traditional folk dress among the upper and middle classes. However, folk dress still looked rather different from what one associates with Bavaria today; for
* OurMermaidsAreDifferent: One of
*
Changed line(s) 55,57 (click to see context) from:
* TabletopGame/{{Skat}}
* SpareToTheThrone: If anyone had a princeling they couldn't figure out what to do with they dumped him here. If one of the royal families here had one of these they dumped them somewhere else. As a result, almost every monarchy in Europe had/has some minor German prince in the ancestry--if indeed the royal family wasn't already of German origin (such as UsefulNotes/TheHouseOfHanover).
** Britain was particularly fond of marrying German princelings. From the accession of George I until quite recently, the British monarchs fairly consistently married only German consorts, with the occasional Dane for flavour--and the Danish monarchs come from a branch of German house of Oldenburg, namely that of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.
* SpareToTheThrone: If anyone had a princeling they couldn't figure out what to do with they dumped him here. If one of the royal families here had one of these they dumped them somewhere else. As a result, almost every monarchy in Europe had/has some minor German prince in the ancestry--if indeed the royal family wasn't already of German origin (such as UsefulNotes/TheHouseOfHanover).
** Britain was particularly fond of marrying German princelings. From the accession of George I until quite recently, the British monarchs fairly consistently married only German consorts, with the occasional Dane for flavour--and the Danish monarchs come from a branch of German house of Oldenburg, namely that of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.
to:
* TabletopGame/{{Skat}}
* SpareToTheThrone:SpareToTheThrone:
** If anyone had a princeling they couldn't figure out what to do with they dumped him here. If one of the royal families here had one of these they dumped them somewhere else. As a result, almost every monarchy in Europe had/has some minor German prince in the ancestry--if indeed the royal family wasn't already of German origin (such as UsefulNotes/TheHouseOfHanover).
** Britain was particularly fond of marrying German princelings. From the accession of George I until quite recently, the British monarchs fairly consistently married only German consorts, with the occasional Dane for flavour--and the Danish monarchs come from a branch of German house of Oldenburg, namely that of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.
* SpareToTheThrone:
** If anyone had a princeling they couldn't figure out what to do with they dumped him here. If one of the royal families here had one of these they dumped them somewhere else. As a result, almost every monarchy in Europe had/has some minor German prince in the ancestry--if indeed the royal family wasn't already of German origin (such as UsefulNotes/TheHouseOfHanover).
** Britain was particularly fond of marrying German princelings. From the accession of George I until quite recently, the British monarchs fairly consistently married only German consorts, with the occasional Dane for flavour--and the Danish monarchs come from a branch of German house of Oldenburg, namely that of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg.
Changed line(s) 59,60 (click to see context) from:
* TooGoodForThisSinfulEarth: Given the contemporary state of public medicine and occasional epidemics (e. g. typhoid during the Napoleonic Wars, cholera in the 1830s), it is not surprising that quite a number of famous creators died at a young age, for instance painter Philipp Otto Runge (1777-1810), composers Carl Maria von Weber (1786-1826), Music/FelixMendelssohn (1809-1847) and Music/FranzSchubert (1797-1828), and writers Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811, suicide), Christian Dietrich Grabbe (1801-1836), Wilhelm Hauff (1802-1827), and Georg Büchner (1813-1837) did not reach age 40.
* TheWestern: Thanks to the success of the writings of Creator/JamesFenimoreCooper and the large numbers of Germans emigrating to the United States, interest in America increased dramatically. Starting in the 1830s [[UnbuiltTrope German-language proto-westerns]] written by writers like Charles Sealsfield (Carl Anton Postl) and Friedrich Gerstäcker becan to carve out a big niche for themselves in the book market.
* TheWestern: Thanks to the success of the writings of Creator/JamesFenimoreCooper and the large numbers of Germans emigrating to the United States, interest in America increased dramatically. Starting in the 1830s [[UnbuiltTrope German-language proto-westerns]] written by writers like Charles Sealsfield (Carl Anton Postl) and Friedrich Gerstäcker becan to carve out a big niche for themselves in the book market.
to:
* TooGoodForThisSinfulEarth: Given the contemporary state of public medicine and occasional epidemics (e. g. typhoid during the Napoleonic Wars, cholera in the 1830s), it is not surprising that quite a number of famous creators died at a young age, for instance painter Philipp Otto Runge (1777-1810), composers Carl Maria von Weber (1786-1826), Music/FelixMendelssohn (1809-1847) and Music/FranzSchubert (1797-1828), and writers Heinrich von Kleist (1777-1811, suicide), Christian Dietrich Grabbe (1801-1836), Wilhelm Hauff (1802-1827), and Georg Büchner (1813-1837) did not reach age 40.
* TheWestern: Thanks to the success of the writings of Creator/JamesFenimoreCooper and the large numbers of Germans emigrating to the United States, interest in America increased dramatically. Starting in the 1830s [[UnbuiltTrope German-language proto-westerns]] written by writers like Charles Sealsfield (Carl Anton Postl) and Friedrich Gerstäcker becan to carve out a big niche for themselves in the book market.
* TheWestern: Thanks to the success of the writings of Creator/JamesFenimoreCooper and the large numbers of Germans emigrating to the United States, interest in America increased dramatically. Starting in the 1830s [[UnbuiltTrope German-language proto-westerns]] written by writers like Charles Sealsfield (Carl Anton Postl) and Friedrich Gerstäcker becan to carve out a big niche for themselves in the book market.
Changed line(s) 64,65 (click to see context) from:
!! Works associated with All The Little Germanies:
to:
!! Works associated with All The the Little Germanies:
Changed line(s) 73,74 (click to see context) from:
* The completion of the great ensemble of parks and gardens in Potsdam as designed by Peter Josef Lenné, including the "Russian colony" of Alexandrowka erected on the orders of Frederick William III in memory of his friendship to Czar Alexander I.
* The landscape parks designed by Prince Pückler in Muskau and Branitz.
* The landscape parks designed by Prince Pückler in Muskau and Branitz.
to:
* The completion of the great ensemble of parks and gardens in Potsdam as designed by Peter Josef Lenné, including the "Russian colony" of Alexandrowka erected on the orders of Frederick William III in memory of his friendship to Czar Alexander I.
* The landscape parks designed by Prince Pückler in Muskau and Branitz.
* The landscape parks designed by Prince Pückler in Muskau and Branitz.
Changed line(s) 78 (click to see context) from:
* ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' by Creator/TheBrothersGrimm
to:
* ''Kinder- und Hausmärchen'' by Creator/TheBrothersGrimm
Changed line(s) 83 (click to see context) from:
* The bitingly satirical poem ''Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen'' ("Germany. A Winter's Tale") and many other works by [[UsefulNotes/DichterAndDenker Heinrich Heine]]
to:
* The bitingly satirical poem ''Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen'' ("Germany. A Winter's Tale") and many other works by [[UsefulNotes/DichterAndDenker Heinrich Heine]]
Changed line(s) 89,90 (click to see context) from:
* Early German satirical and cartoon magazines, especially the ''Fliegende Blätter'' (Munich, founded 1845) and ''Kladderadatsch'' (Berlin, founded 1848)
to:
* Early German satirical and cartoon magazines, especially the ''Fliegende Blätter'' (Munich, founded 1845) and ''Kladderadatsch'' (Berlin, founded 1848)
Changed line(s) 92,95 (click to see context) from:
* ''Music/DieSchöneMüllerin''
* The Viennese Waltz, which evolved from a folk dance regarded as scandalous by Georgian Britons (shocking, this close bodily contact between a man and a woman!) to a fashionable society dance in the whole of Europe thanks to Josef Lanner, Johann Strauß father and Johann Strauß son.
[[AC:Theatre]]
* The Viennese Waltz, which evolved from a folk dance regarded as scandalous by Georgian Britons (shocking, this close bodily contact between a man and a woman!) to a fashionable society dance in the whole of Europe thanks to Josef Lanner, Johann Strauß father and Johann Strauß son.
[[AC:Theatre]]
to:
* ''Music/DieSchöneMüllerin''
* The Viennese Waltz, which evolved from a folk dance regarded as scandalous by Georgian Britons (shocking, this close bodily contact between a man and a woman!) to a fashionable society dance in the whole of Europe thanks to Josef Lanner, Johann Strauß father and Johann Strauß son.
[[AC:Games]]
* ''TabletopGame/Skat''
[[AC:Theatre]]
* The Viennese Waltz, which evolved from a folk dance regarded as scandalous by Georgian Britons (shocking, this close bodily contact between a man and a woman!) to a fashionable society dance in the whole of Europe thanks to Josef Lanner, Johann Strauß father and Johann Strauß son.
[[AC:Games]]
* ''TabletopGame/Skat''
[[AC:Theatre]]
Changed line(s) 99 (click to see context) from:
* ''Theatre/{{Woyzeck}}'' and other works by Georg Büchner
to:
* ''Theatre/{{Woyzeck}}'' and other works by Georg Büchner
Changed line(s) 107 (click to see context) from:
* ''La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein'', an operetta by Music/JacquesOffenbach
to:
* ''La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein'', an operetta by Music/JacquesOffenbach
Changed line(s) 110,113 (click to see context) from:
* The play ''Alt-Heidelberg'' ("Old Heidelberg") by Wilhelm Meyer-Förster, on which the movie ''Film/TheStudentPrinceInOldHeidelberg'' is based, evokes the image of Heidelberg that arose during this era, particularly in the works of Joseph Victor von Scheffel. The [[LiteraryAllusionTitle title alludes]] to Scheffel's poem ''Alt-Heidelberg, du feine''.
* Thomas Mann's ''Literature/{{Buddenbrooks}}'' chronicles the downfall of wealthy a bourgeois family of [[NoCommunitiesWereHarmed an unnamed city that has to be Mann's native Lübeck]] from 1835 to 1877.
** Thomas Mann's 1939 novel ''Lotte in Weimar'' shows Goethe's old flame Charlotte Kestner née Buff (the model for Lotte in ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'') travelling to Weimar to see him again in 1816.
* Any version of the story of the ''[[Creator/TheBrothersGrimm Brüder Grimm]]'' (e.g., ''Film/TheBrothersGrimm'' and ''The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm'')
* Thomas Mann's ''Literature/{{Buddenbrooks}}'' chronicles the downfall of wealthy a bourgeois family of [[NoCommunitiesWereHarmed an unnamed city that has to be Mann's native Lübeck]] from 1835 to 1877.
** Thomas Mann's 1939 novel ''Lotte in Weimar'' shows Goethe's old flame Charlotte Kestner née Buff (the model for Lotte in ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'') travelling to Weimar to see him again in 1816.
* Any version of the story of the ''[[Creator/TheBrothersGrimm Brüder Grimm]]'' (e.g., ''Film/TheBrothersGrimm'' and ''The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm'')
to:
* The play ''Alt-Heidelberg'' ("Old Heidelberg") by Wilhelm Meyer-Förster, on which the movie ''Film/TheStudentPrinceInOldHeidelberg'' is based, evokes the image of Heidelberg that arose during this era, particularly in the works of Joseph Victor von Scheffel. The [[LiteraryAllusionTitle title alludes]] to Scheffel's poem ''Alt-Heidelberg, du feine''.
* Thomas Mann's ''Literature/{{Buddenbrooks}}'' chronicles the downfall of wealthy a bourgeois family of [[NoCommunitiesWereHarmed an unnamed city that has to be Mann's native Lübeck]] from 1835 to 1877.
** Thomas Mann's 1939 novel ''Lotte in Weimar'' shows Goethe's old flame Charlotte Kestner née Buff (the model for Lotte in ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'') travelling to Weimar to see him again in 1816.
* Any version of the story of the ''[[Creator/TheBrothersGrimm Brüder Grimm]]'' (e.g., ''Film/TheBrothersGrimm'' and ''The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm'')
* Thomas Mann's ''Literature/{{Buddenbrooks}}'' chronicles the downfall of wealthy a bourgeois family of [[NoCommunitiesWereHarmed an unnamed city that has to be Mann's native Lübeck]] from 1835 to 1877.
** Thomas Mann's 1939 novel ''Lotte in Weimar'' shows Goethe's old flame Charlotte Kestner née Buff (the model for Lotte in ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'') travelling to Weimar to see him again in 1816.
* Any version of the story of the ''[[Creator/TheBrothersGrimm Brüder Grimm]]'' (e.g., ''Film/TheBrothersGrimm'' and ''The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm'')
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Deleted line(s) 56 (click to see context) :
* TheSoundOfMartialMusic: Until the expansion of the Prussian army in the 1860s under Wilhelm I and UsefulNotes/OttoVonBismarck, the Austrian army was the strongest in Germany. On a more literal level, the Radetzky March, written by Johann Strauß father, was first performed in 1848.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Added namespaces.
Changed line(s) 20,21 (click to see context) from:
When Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in 1806 and fell back on his title of Francis I of the Empire of Austria (1804), the implied acceptance of the death of the [[HolyRomanEmpire Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]], though dictated by Napoleon, was simply a recognition of reality. Napoleon, however, having shattered German unity legally, ironically went a good way toward re-establishing it politically by amalgamating the tiny imperial states into larger units. He also rewarded his German allies and relatives with title upgrades, in the process creating new kingdoms. Bavaria and Württemberg became kingdoms on January 1, 1806, Saxony followed on December 20, and Westphalia was created as a kingdom for Napoleon's youngest brother Jérôme in 1807. After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 recognized most of these (Westphalia being a notable exception) while restoring some of the larger earlier units such as Hanover (now also raised to a Kingdom). {{Prussia}}, which had been halved in size after its defeat in 1807, was awarded substantial territories in the Rhineland and Saxony, in recognition of the magnitude of her efforts against Napoleon - and of her army.[[note]]This included the restoration of the territories west of the Elbe that had belonged to Prussia until 1806 and was in part considered a compensation for those territories in the east that were not restored to Prussia but used to form the Russian-controlled new Kingdom of Poland.[[/note]] After the Empire itself ceased, the run-up to the establishment of the ''[[ImperialGermany Deutsches Reich]]'' may be considered the period of AllTheLittleGermanies. (The first part, from 1815 to the [[UsefulNotes/RevolutionsOf1848 March Revolution of 1848]], is usually called the ''Biedermeier'' period[[note]] The name is taken from Gottlieb Biedermaier (note the "a"), a fictitious bourgeois Swabian poet, the alleged simple-minded writer of a number of parody poems that were published between 1848 and 1855[[/note]] in Germany).
to:
When Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in 1806 and fell back on his title of Francis I of the Empire of Austria (1804), the implied acceptance of the death of the [[HolyRomanEmpire [[UsefulNotes/HolyRomanEmpire Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]], though dictated by Napoleon, was simply a recognition of reality. Napoleon, however, having shattered German unity legally, ironically went a good way toward re-establishing it politically by amalgamating the tiny imperial states into larger units. He also rewarded his German allies and relatives with title upgrades, in the process creating new kingdoms. Bavaria and Württemberg became kingdoms on January 1, 1806, Saxony followed on December 20, and Westphalia was created as a kingdom for Napoleon's youngest brother Jérôme in 1807. After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 recognized most of these (Westphalia being a notable exception) while restoring some of the larger earlier units such as Hanover (now also raised to a Kingdom). {{Prussia}}, UsefulNotes/{{Prussia}}, which had been halved in size after its defeat in 1807, was awarded substantial territories in the Rhineland and Saxony, in recognition of the magnitude of her efforts against Napoleon - and of her army.[[note]]This included the restoration of the territories west of the Elbe that had belonged to Prussia until 1806 and was in part considered a compensation for those territories in the east that were not restored to Prussia but used to form the Russian-controlled new Kingdom of Poland.[[/note]] After the Empire itself ceased, the run-up to the establishment of the ''[[ImperialGermany ''[[UsefulNotes/ImperialGermany Deutsches Reich]]'' may be considered the period of AllTheLittleGermanies. (The first part, from 1815 to the [[UsefulNotes/RevolutionsOf1848 March Revolution of 1848]], is usually called the ''Biedermeier'' period[[note]] The name is taken from Gottlieb Biedermaier (note the "a"), a fictitious bourgeois Swabian poet, the alleged simple-minded writer of a number of parody poems that were published between 1848 and 1855[[/note]] in Germany).
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Useful Notes/ pages are not tropes
Deleted line(s) 44 (click to see context) :
* DichterAndDenker
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Format
Changed line(s) 9,18 (click to see context) from:
His fatherland must be greater!
[...]
The whole of Germany it shall be!
Oh God from Heaven see to it,
And give us true german bravery,
that we shall love it well and true!
|: That it shall be! That it shall be!
The whole Germany it shall be! :|
''
[...]
The whole of Germany it shall be!
Oh God from Heaven see to it,
And give us true german bravery,
that we shall love it well and true!
|: That it shall be! That it shall be!
The whole Germany it shall be! :|
''
to:
His fatherland must be greater!
greater!\\
[...]
]\\
The whole of Germany it shallbe!
be!\\
Oh God from Heaven see toit,
it,\\
And give us true germanbravery,
bravery,\\
that we shall love it well andtrue!
true!\\
|: That it shall be! That it shallbe!
be!\\
The whole Germany it shall be!:|
'':|\\''
[...
The whole of Germany it shall
Oh God from Heaven see to
And give us true german
that we shall love it well and
|: That it shall be! That it shall
The whole Germany it shall be!
''
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
Balance/context
Changed line(s) 9 (click to see context) from:
His fatherland must be greater!''
to:
His fatherland must be greater!''greater!
[...]
The whole of Germany it shall be!
Oh God from Heaven see to it,
And give us true german bravery,
that we shall love it well and true!
|: That it shall be! That it shall be!
The whole Germany it shall be! :|
''
[...]
The whole of Germany it shall be!
Oh God from Heaven see to it,
And give us true german bravery,
that we shall love it well and true!
|: That it shall be! That it shall be!
The whole Germany it shall be! :|
''
Changed line(s) 114 (click to see context) from:
----
to:
----
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 74 (click to see context) from:
* The ''Am Rhein'' section of Thackeray's ''VanityFair''
to:
* The ''Am Rhein'' section of Thackeray's ''VanityFair''''Literature/VanityFair''
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 44 (click to see context) from:
* PrussiansInPickelhauben: The ''Pickelhaube'' helmet (in a much larger size than the models worn in 1870 or 1914) was introduced as the new standard headdress of the Prussian army shortly after Frederick William IV's accession to the throne in 1840. The 1840s also saw the Prussians introduce the Dreyse needle-gun, one of the first standard breech-loading rifles.
to:
* PrussiansInPickelhauben: UsefulNotes/PrussiansInPickelhauben: The ''Pickelhaube'' helmet (in a much larger size than the models worn in 1870 or 1914) was introduced as the new standard headdress of the Prussian army shortly after Frederick William IV's accession to the throne in 1840. The 1840s also saw the Prussians introduce the Dreyse needle-gun, one of the first standard breech-loading rifles.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 32 (click to see context) from:
* BadassBeard: Came into its own during this period. During the 18th century most men were clean-shaven, only a few, especially certain types of soldiers like grenadiers or hussars, wore [[BadassMoustache moustaches]]. Moustaches (and muttonchops) became much more common in Germany during the UsefulNotes/NapoleonicWars, and in the period that followed full beards became associated with radicals and revolutionaries like Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, Friedrich Hecker, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, before the fashion became "mainstream" after the Revolution of 1848. The changing fashion for facial hair can be seen for instance with the kings of Prussia (whose styles obviously became imitated by many): Frederick William III grew a moustache after the defeat of 1806, of his two eldest sons Frederick William IV went clean-shaven and William I wore a moustache and sideburns, while William's son Frederick William (the future Frederick III) grew a full beard.
to:
* BadassBeard: Came into its own during this period. During the 18th century most men were clean-shaven, only a few, especially certain types of soldiers like grenadiers or hussars, wore [[BadassMoustache moustaches]]. Moustaches (and muttonchops) became much more common in Germany during the UsefulNotes/NapoleonicWars, UsefulNotes/TheNapoleonicWars, and in the period that followed full beards became associated with radicals and revolutionaries like Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, Friedrich Hecker, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, before the fashion became "mainstream" after the Revolution of 1848. The changing fashion for facial hair can be seen for instance with the kings of Prussia (whose styles obviously became imitated by many): Frederick William III grew a moustache after the defeat of 1806, of his two eldest sons Frederick William IV went clean-shaven and William I wore a moustache and sideburns, while William's son Frederick William (the future Frederick III) grew a full beard.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 12,13 (click to see context) from:
When Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in 1806 and fell back on his title of Francis I of the Empire of Austria (1804), the implied acceptance of the death of the [[HolyRomanEmpire Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]], though dictated by Napoleon, was simply a recognition of reality. Napoleon, however, having shattered German unity legally, ironically went a good way toward re-establishing it politically by amalgamating the tiny imperial states into larger units. He also rewarded his German allies and relatives with title upgrades, in the process creating new kingdoms. Bavaria and Württemberg became kingdoms on January 1, 1806, Saxony followed on December 20, and Westphalia was created as a kingdom for Napoleon's youngest brother Jérôme in 1807. After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 recognized most of these (Westphalia being a notable exception) while restoring some of the larger earlier units such as Hanover (now also raised to a Kingdom). {{Prussia}}, which had been halved in size after its defeat in 1807, was awarded substantial territories in the Rhineland and Saxony, in recognition of the magnitude of her efforts against Napoleon - and of her army.[[note]]This included the restoration of the territories west of the Elbe that had belonged to Prussia until 1806 and was in part considered a compensation for those territories in the east that were not restored to Prussia but used to form the Russian-controlled new Kingdom of Poland.[[/note]] After the Empire itself ceased, the run-up to the establishment of the ''[[ImperialGermany Deutsches Reich]]'' may be considered the period of AllTheLittleGermanies. (The first part, from 1815 to the March Revolution of 1848, is usually called the ''Biedermeier'' period[[note]] The name is taken from Gottlieb Biedermaier (note the "a"), a fictitious bourgeois Swabian poet, the alleged simple-minded writer of a number of parody poems that were published between 1848 and 1855[[/note]] in Germany).
to:
When Francis II abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor in 1806 and fell back on his title of Francis I of the Empire of Austria (1804), the implied acceptance of the death of the [[HolyRomanEmpire Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation]], though dictated by Napoleon, was simply a recognition of reality. Napoleon, however, having shattered German unity legally, ironically went a good way toward re-establishing it politically by amalgamating the tiny imperial states into larger units. He also rewarded his German allies and relatives with title upgrades, in the process creating new kingdoms. Bavaria and Württemberg became kingdoms on January 1, 1806, Saxony followed on December 20, and Westphalia was created as a kingdom for Napoleon's youngest brother Jérôme in 1807. After the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna in 1815 recognized most of these (Westphalia being a notable exception) while restoring some of the larger earlier units such as Hanover (now also raised to a Kingdom). {{Prussia}}, which had been halved in size after its defeat in 1807, was awarded substantial territories in the Rhineland and Saxony, in recognition of the magnitude of her efforts against Napoleon - and of her army.[[note]]This included the restoration of the territories west of the Elbe that had belonged to Prussia until 1806 and was in part considered a compensation for those territories in the east that were not restored to Prussia but used to form the Russian-controlled new Kingdom of Poland.[[/note]] After the Empire itself ceased, the run-up to the establishment of the ''[[ImperialGermany Deutsches Reich]]'' may be considered the period of AllTheLittleGermanies. (The first part, from 1815 to the [[UsefulNotes/RevolutionsOf1848 March Revolution of 1848, 1848]], is usually called the ''Biedermeier'' period[[note]] The name is taken from Gottlieb Biedermaier (note the "a"), a fictitious bourgeois Swabian poet, the alleged simple-minded writer of a number of parody poems that were published between 1848 and 1855[[/note]] in Germany).
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 20,21 (click to see context) from:
The flip side of ''Restauration'' during the Biedermeier period is called ''Vormärz'', "Before-March", referring to the European Revolution that broke out in Germany in March 1848. ''Vormärz'' refers to the diverse oppositional movements of the time: liberals, democrats, nationalists, early socialists etc., often associated with student societies (''Burschenschaften'') and the literary movement that came to be called "Young Germany". Discontent with the stagnation of the political development at home, many of them went to exile in Paris or Brussels after the Revolutions of 1830 and 1831. A wind of change did sweep through Germany in 1848 and 1849, and for the first time Germans (well, German men at any rate) elected a National Assembly, which convened in Frankfurt and framed a constitution. However, the attempt to set up a German national state failed, as Prussia, Austria and many other states the old monarchs, who never had entirely lost the hold over their armies, regained control of the situation. The last remnants of the more radical revolutionaries were put down with harsh military force, and many of them went into exile. Many of them ended up in the United States, where they became known as "Forty-Eighters", associated with the radical abolitionist wing of the nascent Republican party and went on to fight [[AmericanCivilWar another war for freedom]] some years later. Others ended up in Switzerland, like Music/RichardWagner, or in London, like Creator/KarlMarx. Nevertheless, the dream of a united Germany lived on, and things did not return to those of the ''Restauration'' era. Even Prussia now had to enact a written constitution, and states all over Germany got in the habit of having elected legislatures (even if some of them, like Prussia, elected them in systems which favoured the rich). The parties that would characterize German party politics for the next ca. 70 years began to take shape, and one of them, the Social Democratic Party (founded in the 1860s), continues to this day.
to:
The flip side of ''Restauration'' during the Biedermeier period is called ''Vormärz'', "Before-March", referring to the European Revolution that broke out in Germany in March 1848. ''Vormärz'' refers to the diverse oppositional movements of the time: liberals, democrats, nationalists, early socialists etc., often associated with student societies (''Burschenschaften'') and the literary movement that came to be called "Young Germany". Discontent with the stagnation of the political development at home, many of them went to exile in Paris or Brussels after the Revolutions of 1830 and 1831. A wind of change did sweep through Germany in 1848 and 1849, and for the first time Germans (well, German men at any rate) elected a National Assembly, which convened in Frankfurt and framed a constitution. However, the attempt to set up a German national state failed, as Prussia, Austria and many other states the old monarchs, who never had entirely lost the hold over their armies, regained control of the situation. The last remnants of the more radical revolutionaries were put down with harsh military force, and many of them went into exile. Many of them ended up in the United States, where they became known as "Forty-Eighters", associated with the radical abolitionist wing of the nascent Republican party and went on to fight [[AmericanCivilWar [[UsefulNotes/AmericanCivilWar another war for freedom]] some years later. Others ended up in Switzerland, like Music/RichardWagner, or in London, like Creator/KarlMarx. Nevertheless, the dream of a united Germany lived on, and things did not return to those of the ''Restauration'' era. Even Prussia now had to enact a written constitution, and states all over Germany got in the habit of having elected legislatures (even if some of them, like Prussia, elected them in systems which favoured the rich). The parties that would characterize German party politics for the next ca. 70 years began to take shape, and one of them, the Social Democratic Party (founded in the 1860s), continues to this day.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 50 (click to see context) from:
* SpareToTheThrone: If anyone had a princeling they couldn't figure out what to do with they dumped him here. If one of the royal families here had one of these they dumped them somewhere else. As a result, almost every monarchy in Europe had/has some minor German prince in the ancestry--if indeed the royal family wasn't already of German origin (such as TheHouseOfHanover).
to:
* SpareToTheThrone: If anyone had a princeling they couldn't figure out what to do with they dumped him here. If one of the royal families here had one of these they dumped them somewhere else. As a result, almost every monarchy in Europe had/has some minor German prince in the ancestry--if indeed the royal family wasn't already of German origin (such as TheHouseOfHanover).UsefulNotes/TheHouseOfHanover).
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 109 (click to see context) from:
* Various films about KingLudwigII begin in this era.
to:
* Various films about KingLudwigII King UsefulNotes/LudwigIIOfBavaria begin in this era.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 16,17 (click to see context) from:
Instead of a national state the Germans got the fairly loose German Confederation (''Deutscher Bund''), which consisted of 42 states (38 monarchies and four free cities), or more correctly, states and parts of states, as e. g. big chunks of Prussia and Austria lay outside its borders. The Confederation's legislative debating forum, the ''Bundestag'', unlike its [[PoliticalSystemOfGermany modern namesake]], was a no more than a permanent conference of ambassadors. It soon enabled Metternich to institute repressive measures to protect the ''[[StatusQuoIsGod status quo]]'' in Germany and Europe and to combat revolutionary and nationalist movements. This was institutionalized in the Karlsbad decrees of 1819, which most notably involved a tightening of the screws in the censorship of newspapers, periodicals and books. This aspect of the ''Biedermeier'' period goes under the headline of "Restoration" (''Restauration''), and some of the smaller states took it to ludicrous extremes. For instance in Electoral Hesse (''Kurhessen'', capital Kassel) it was even attempted for a time to restore the pre-1806 pigtails and to forbid state officials from wearing "seditious" moustaches.
to:
Instead of a national state the Germans got the fairly loose German Confederation (''Deutscher Bund''), which consisted of 42 states (38 monarchies and four free cities), or more correctly, states and parts of states, as e. g. big chunks of Prussia and Austria lay outside its borders. The Confederation's legislative debating forum, the ''Bundestag'', unlike its [[PoliticalSystemOfGermany modern namesake]], was a no more than a permanent conference of ambassadors. It soon enabled Metternich to institute repressive measures to protect the ''[[StatusQuoIsGod status quo]]'' in Germany and Europe and to combat revolutionary and nationalist movements. This was institutionalized in the Karlsbad decrees of 1819, which most notably involved a tightening of the screws in the censorship of newspapers, periodicals and books. This aspect of the ''Biedermeier'' period goes under the headline of "Restoration" (''Restauration''), and some of the smaller states took it to ludicrous extremes. For instance in Electoral Hesse (''Kurhessen'', capital Kassel) it was even attempted for a time to restore the pre-1806 pigtails and to forbid state officials from wearing "seditious" moustaches.
mustaches.
Changed line(s) 37 (click to see context) from:
* FunnyForeigner: Germany, especially the newly "discovered" Rhine valley and the Elbe valley south of Dresden, began to attract much larger numbers of foreign tourists than ever before, including e. g. Creator/VictorHugo, Creator/HansChristianAndersen, and painter J.M.W. Turner. This led to foreign tourists, especially excentric Englishmen with more money than sense to become popular comedy figures in German media.
to:
* FunnyForeigner: Germany, especially the newly "discovered" Rhine valley and the Elbe valley south of Dresden, began to attract much larger numbers of foreign tourists than ever before, including e. g. Creator/VictorHugo, Creator/HansChristianAndersen, and painter J.M.W. Turner. This led to foreign tourists, especially excentric eccentric Englishmen with more money than sense to become popular comedy figures in German media.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* BadassBeard: Came into its own during this period. During the 18th century most men were clean-shaven, only a few, especially certain types of soldiers like grenadiers or hussars, wore [[BadassMoustache moustaches]]. Moustaches (and muttonchops) became much more common in Germany during the UsefulNotes/NapoleonicWars, and in the period that followed full beards became associated with radicals and revolutionaries like Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, Friedrich Hecker, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, before the fashion became "mainstream" after the Revolution of 1848. The changing fashion for facial hair can be seen for instance with the kings of Prussia (whose styles obviously became imitated by many): Frederick William III grew a moustache after the defeat of 1806, of his two eldest sons Frederick William IV went clean-shaven and William I wore a moustache and sideburns, while William's son Frederick William (the future Frederick III) grew a full beard.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 63 (click to see context) from:
* The ''[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria_statue Bavaria]] statue in Munich (1844-1850), the first colossal statue to be entirely cast in bronze since antiquity. Another of Ludwig I's pet projects.
to:
* The ''[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria_statue Bavaria]] Bavaria]]'' statue in Munich (1844-1850), the first colossal statue to be entirely cast in bronze since antiquity. Another of Ludwig I's pet projects.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
* ChemistryCanDoAnything: Following the lead of France, Chemistry established itself as a science of its own at German universities. The most famous German chemist of the day was Justus von Liebig, the founder of agrochemics and inventor of an extract of meat that became used worldwide in the 1860s.
* HappilyMarried: This became very much an ideal during the ''Biedermeier'', in part because the more severe policing of public assemblies and societies led many to retreat into private life, and living a contented, harmonious life with your family became something to be praised in works of fiction, art etc. Interestingly this also led to the rulers' family lives to be held up to much greater scrutiny than in the 18th century. For instance King Ludwig I of Bavaria in the end had to abdicate over his liaison with the Irish dancer Lola Montez.
Changed line(s) 65,66 (click to see context) from:
* The new stock exchange in Hamburg, which almost miraculously survived the Great Fire of 1842.
to:
* The landscape parks designed by Prince Pückler in Muskau and Branitz.
* The new stock exchange in Hamburg, which almost miraculously survived the Great Fire of1842.
1842. And the ''Alsterarkaden'', which were built in a burnt-down part of the city.
* The new stock exchange in Hamburg, which almost miraculously survived the Great Fire of
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 57 (click to see context) from:
[[AC:Art]]
to:
Changed line(s) 60 (click to see context) from:
to:
* The ''[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walhalla_memorial Walhalla]]'' near Regensburg, a hall of fame for important German-speaking people from history in the form of a Greek temple. Built on the orders of King Ludwig I of Bavaria and opened in 1842.
* The ''[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria_statue Bavaria]] statue in Munich (1844-1850), the first colossal statue to be entirely cast in bronze since antiquity. Another of Ludwig I's pet projects.
* Christian Daniel Rauch's [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Frederick_the_Great statue of Frederick the Great]] (1851) in Berlin.
* The ''[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal Hermannsdenkmal]]'' near Detmold, a colossal statue of Arminius, the victor of the battle of the Teutoburg Forest, by sculptur Ernst von Bandel. At first financed only by public subscription, it was begun in 1841 but only completed in 1875.
* The completion of the great ensemble of parks and gardens in Potsdam as designed by Peter Josef Lenné, including the "Russian colony" of Alexandrowka erected on the orders of Frederick William III in memory of his friendship to Czar Alexander I.
* The new stock exchange in Hamburg, which almost miraculously survived the Great Fire of 1842.
* The ''[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria_statue Bavaria]] statue in Munich (1844-1850), the first colossal statue to be entirely cast in bronze since antiquity. Another of Ludwig I's pet projects.
* Christian Daniel Rauch's [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Frederick_the_Great statue of Frederick the Great]] (1851) in Berlin.
* The ''[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermannsdenkmal Hermannsdenkmal]]'' near Detmold, a colossal statue of Arminius, the victor of the battle of the Teutoburg Forest, by sculptur Ernst von Bandel. At first financed only by public subscription, it was begun in 1841 but only completed in 1875.
* The completion of the great ensemble of parks and gardens in Potsdam as designed by Peter Josef Lenné, including the "Russian colony" of Alexandrowka erected on the orders of Frederick William III in memory of his friendship to Czar Alexander I.
* The new stock exchange in Hamburg, which almost miraculously survived the Great Fire of 1842.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
[[AC:Art]]
Added DiffLines:
[[AC:Literature]]
Added DiffLines:
[[AC:Music]]
Added DiffLines:
[[AC:Theatre]]
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* OurMermaidsAreDifferent: One of the the great international literary successes of the time was the novella ''Undine'' (1811) by Friedrich de la Motte-Fouqué. The romantic and sad story of mermaid Undine who falls in love with the knight Huldbrand was adapted by Fouqué into an opera with music by his friend Creator/ETAHoffmann (1816), two other opera adaptations were written by Albert Lortzing (1845) and Music/PyotrIlyichTchaikovsky (1869). ''Undine'' led to a fashion for mermaids, nixies and sirens among German and [[Literature/TheLittleMermaid other]] [[Music/AntoninDvorak creators]], for instance in poems by Goethe, Heine, and Joseph von Eichendorff, as well as the story ''Die Historie von der schönen Lau'' ("The history of the Fair Lau") by Eduard Mörike and Richard Wagner's Rhinemaidens.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* TheSoundOfMartialMusic: Until the expansion of the Prussian army in the 1860s under Wilhelm I and UsefulNotes/OttoVonBismarck, the Austrian army was the strongest in Germany. On a more literal level, the Radetzky March, written by Johann Strauß father, was first performed in 1848.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* ''Literature/JourneyToTheCenterOfTheEarth'': The narrator and the main protagonist are from the Free and Hanseatic City of UsefulNotes/{{Hamburg}}.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
** Thomas Mann's 1939 novel ''Lotte in Weimar'' shows Goethe's old flame Charlotte Kestner née Buff (the model for Lotte in ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'') travelling to Weimar to see him again in 1816.
Added DiffLines:
* The ''Sissi'' trilogy (''Sissi'', ''Sissi -- Die junge Kaiserin'', ''Sissi -- Schicksalsjahre einer Kaiserin'') starring Romy Schneider paints a romantic picture the life of Bavarian-born Empress Elisabeth of Austria during this period.
* Various films about KingLudwigII begin in this era.
* Various films about KingLudwigII begin in this era.
Added DiffLines:
* ''WesternAnimation/PrincessSissi''
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 41 (click to see context) from:
* {{Romanticism}}: To a large extent dominated literature, the arts, and especially music.
to:
* {{Romanticism}}: To a large extent dominated literature, the arts, and especially music.music, with composers like Music/LudwigVanBeethoven, Music/JohannesBrahms, Fanny Hensel (née Mendelssohn), Creator/ETAHoffmann, Heinrich August Marschner, Music/FelixMendelssohn, Giacomo Meyerbeer, Music/FranzSchubert, Music/RobertSchumann, Music/RichardWagner, and Carl Maria von Weber.
Added DiffLines:
* ''Die Gartenlaube'', a family weekly founded in 1853, which in 1861 became the first German magazine to top 100,000 copies an issue.
Added DiffLines:
* ''Music/DieSchöneMüllerin''
* The Viennese Waltz, which evolved from a folk dance regarded as scandalous by Georgian Britons (shocking, this close bodily contact between a man and a woman!) to a fashionable society dance in the whole of Europe thanks to Josef Lanner, Johann Strauß father and Johann Strauß son.
* The Viennese Waltz, which evolved from a folk dance regarded as scandalous by Georgian Britons (shocking, this close bodily contact between a man and a woman!) to a fashionable society dance in the whole of Europe thanks to Josef Lanner, Johann Strauß father and Johann Strauß son.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
** The story of Kaspar Hauser was also treated in a number of songs including ''Kaspar Hauser'' by Music/DschinghisKhan and ''Wooden Horse (Caspar Hauser's Song)'' by Music/SuzanneVega.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* The early writings of Creator/TheodorFontane
Added DiffLines:
* ''Literature/MaxAndMoritz'' and other early picture-stories by Creator/WilhelmBusch
* Early German satirical and cartoon magazines, especially the ''Fliegende Blätter'' (Munich, founded 1845) and ''Kladderadatsch'' (Berlin, founded 1848)
* Early German satirical and cartoon magazines, especially the ''Fliegende Blätter'' (Munich, founded 1845) and ''Kladderadatsch'' (Berlin, founded 1848)
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 33 (click to see context) from:
* {{Cosplay}}: At the "Festival of the White Rose" in Potsdam (13 July 1829) in honour of the birthday of visting Czarina Alexandra Fyodorovna (daughter of King Frederick William III) princes and nobles performed a "carrousel" and "living pictures" that lasted until the morning of the next day dressed up as medieval knights. Architect and painter Karl Friedrich Schinkel was responsible for the designs.
to:
* {{Cosplay}}: At the "Festival of the White Rose" in Potsdam (13 July 1829) in honour of the birthday of visting Czarina Alexandra Fyodorovna (daughter of King Frederick William III) princes and nobles performed a "carrousel" and "living pictures" that lasted until the morning of the next day dressed up as medieval knights. Architect and painter Karl Friedrich Schinkel was responsible for the designs. This was because Alexandra was a fan of the historical novels of Friedrich de la Motte-Fouqué; in her family she had the nickname "Blanchefleur", after one of Fouqué's characters.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* {{Cosplay}}: At the "Festival of the White Rose" in Potsdam (13 July 1829) in honour of the birthday of visting Czarina Alexandra Fyodorovna (daughter of King Frederick William III) princes and nobles performed a "carrousel" and "living pictures" that lasted until the morning of the next day dressed up as medieval knights. Architect and painter Karl Friedrich Schinkel was responsible for the designs.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
** The eruption of the volcano Tambora in 1815 not only caused the "year without a summer" in 1816, but the volcanic dust in the atmosphere for decades created some of the most glorious and multicoloured sunsets ever seen.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 40 (click to see context) from:
* RomanticismVsEnlightenment: As many Romantics became more "mainstream" and conservative, new social and political movement as well as the writers of "Young Germany" swung back to an approach closer to those of the Age of Enlightenment.
to:
* RomanticismVsEnlightenment: As many Romantics became more "mainstream" and conservative, new social and political movement movements as well as the writers of "Young Germany" swung back to an approach closer to those of the Age of Enlightenment.
