Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* ArcSymbol: The dilapidated fish statue seen in the page image, which is used as something of a visual refrain throughout the film.
Added DiffLines:
* CriticalResearchFailure: Adi seems to think that psychiatrists prescribe people "nerve vitamins".
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
* EstablishingCharacterMoment: A bizarre and unintentional example. As he's first seen getting off the plane, [[TheSociopath Adi Zulkadry]] is seen wearing a shirt showing the literal dictionary definition of "Apathetic". Later on, Adi is shown to be fully aware of the moral ramifications of his actions, but indifferent to them. Oppenheimer opines in the DVD commentary that it's one of the many details in the film that's too bizarre to be fictional.
* EvenEvilHasLovedOnes: Anwar and Herman both have children and grandchildren that they dote on.
* EvenEvilHasLovedOnes: Anwar and Herman both have children and grandchildren that they dote on.
* HarmfulToMinors: Indonesian schoolchildren are made to watch gory propaganda films about communists torturing people to death to traumatize them into supporting the purges.
* LeaveTheCameraRunning: There are many silent, lingering shots of scenery and people's faces.
* OnlySaneMan: Adi is the only death squad member who sees through the propaganda and realizes that what he did was evil. He doesn't care.
* PetTheDog: Anwar is seen scolding his grandsons for injuring a duckling and instructing them how to take care of it at one point.
* PetTheDog: Anwar is seen scolding his grandsons for injuring a duckling and instructing them how to take care of it at one point.
Changed line(s) 57 (click to see context) from:
* RapePillageAndBurn: The filmmakers reenact a village massacre using real villagers and Pancasila Youth members at one point. It gets uncomfortably real before Anwar yells "Cut!"
to:
* RapePillageAndBurn: The filmmakers reenact a village massacre using real villagers and Pancasila Youth members at one point. It gets uncomfortably real before Anwar yells "Cut!"tells them to stop. Before the cameras start rolling, Safit is actually seen fantasizing about raping every woman he comes across, particularly relishing the thought of raping a 14 year old.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* ArmyOfThievesAndWhores: The Pancasila Youth are deeply involved in almost all the organized crime in Indonesia.
Added DiffLines:
* DemocracyIsBad: Pancasila commander Yapto opines about this when Joshua interviews him.
--> '''Yapto:''' We have too much democracy. It's chaos. What is this 'democracy?' Things were better under the military dictatorship. Better economy. More security.
--> '''Yapto:''' We have too much democracy. It's chaos. What is this 'democracy?' Things were better under the military dictatorship. Better economy. More security.
Added DiffLines:
* FatIdiot: Herman is not shown to be very smart, and basically serves as the film's PluckyComicRelief.
* FauxAffablyEvil: Safit Pardede smiles genially as he extorts Chinese shopkeepers under the threat of violence. The other death squad members comes across as genuinely AffablyEvil, at least around Oppenheimer.
* FauxAffablyEvil: Safit Pardede smiles genially as he extorts Chinese shopkeepers under the threat of violence. The other death squad members comes across as genuinely AffablyEvil, at least around Oppenheimer.
Added DiffLines:
* MathematiciansAnswer: When Oppenheimer asks Pancasila commander Yapto Soerjosoemarno about the genocide.
--> '''Joshua:''' How did Pancasila Youth exterminate the communists?
--> '''Yapto:''' We killed them all.
--> '''Joshua:''' How did Pancasila Youth exterminate the communists?
--> '''Yapto:''' We killed them all.
Added DiffLines:
* RedAndBlackAndEvilAllOver: Almost. The Pancasila Youth's fatigues are colored black and bright orange, clearly intended to emulate tiger stripes.
Added DiffLines:
* RightWingMilitiaFanatic: The Pancasila Youth are a massive and powerful fascist paramilitary organization. In their heyday they were a full on StateSec, but the reforms have somewhat reduced their power to merely being this.
Added DiffLines:
* VillainsOutShopping: Half the film is Anwar and his friends doing mundane things like going to the dentist and playing with their children.
* WholesomeCrossdresser: Herman Koto can hardly be described as a "wholesome" man, but an inordinate number of the gang members' scenes require him to dress up as a woman.
* WholesomeCrossdresser: Herman Koto can hardly be described as a "wholesome" man, but an inordinate number of the gang members' scenes require him to dress up as a woman.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* BlackShirts: The Pancasila Youth militia movement, the organization behind most of the killings. They were formed in 1959 and hold significant power to this day, numbering 3 to 9 million strong.
* ChewingTheScenery: Herman tends to ham it up whenever he's in front of the camera, [[TheDogBitesBack especially when he's tormenting Anwar's character]].
* ChewingTheScenery: Herman tends to ham it up whenever he's in front of the camera, [[TheDogBitesBack especially when he's tormenting Anwar's character]].
Added DiffLines:
* FatBastard: Herman Koto is a portly paramilitary officer. There's also CorruptPolitician Syamsul Arifin, whom Anwar describes as "ball shaped".
Added DiffLines:
* HeelRealization: The entire film is the process of getting Anwar to have one of these. Subverted with Adi, who had his a long time ago, [[LackOfEmpathy but is completely unbothered by it]].
Added DiffLines:
* PoliticallyIncorrectVillain: The Pancasila members are all quite racist and sexist, particularly against Chinese people. Safit specifically goes out of his way to intimidate and extort Chinese shopkeepers because he knows they're more vulnerable, and Anwar reminisces on how he and his comrades would shake down Chinese people for all their money and kill them if they refused to pay up. They also make frequent misogynistic comments and even fantasize about raping teenage girls. Safit and Ibrahim even make fun of Anwar for looking African at one point.
* TheSociopath: Adi is fully aware that what he did was pure evil, he just doesn't care.
* TheSociopath: Adi is fully aware that what he did was pure evil, he just doesn't care.
Added DiffLines:
* RapePillageAndBurn: The filmmakers reenact a village massacre using real villagers and Pancasila Youth members at one point. It gets uncomfortably real before Anwar yells "Cut!"
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 28,29 (click to see context) from:
* BlackComedyRape: For the militia and ''only'' for them. One of the groups targeted during the killing was Gerwani (''Gerakan Wanita Indonesia'', Indonesian Women's Movement), a left-leaning feminist group with some communist ties. When the Pemuda Pancasila members show up to help the death squad vets with their film shoot, they joke about taking advantage of tied-up Gerwani activists and remark that "the 14-15 years old ones are the best".
* CorruptPolitician: According to Herman, ''all of them''. Many government higher-ups are associated with the paramilitary group Pancasila, and Indonesia's vice president openly praises gangsters at one of their rallies.
* CorruptPolitician: According to Herman, ''all of them''. Many government higher-ups are associated with the paramilitary group Pancasila, and Indonesia's vice president openly praises gangsters at one of their rallies.
to:
* BlackComedyRape: For the militia and ''only'' for them. One of the groups targeted during the killing was Gerwani (''Gerakan Wanita Indonesia'', Indonesian Women's Movement), a left-leaning feminist group with some communist ties. When the Pemuda Pancasila Youth members show up to help the death squad vets with their film shoot, they joke about taking advantage of tied-up Gerwani activists and remark that "the 14-15 years old ones are the best".
* CorruptPolitician: According to Herman, ''all of them''. Many government higher-ups are associated with the paramilitary groupPancasila, Pancasila Youth, and Indonesia's vice president openly praises gangsters at one of their rallies.rallies.
** A provincial MP talks plainly about the variety of illegal businesses and he and his paramilitary allies are involved in.
* CorruptPolitician: According to Herman, ''all of them''. Many government higher-ups are associated with the paramilitary group
** A provincial MP talks plainly about the variety of illegal businesses and he and his paramilitary allies are involved in.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* NoOSHACompliance: Some of the killers' torture re-enactments are a bit too realistic for comfort. The big outdoor shoot at the plantation towards the end of the movie is also filmed without safety precautions, and clearly traumatises some of the extras.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
** "Exterminate them down to the roots!"
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 16,17 (click to see context) from:
The documentary and its companion piece ''The Look of Silence'' can be viewed on [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tILiqotj7Y YouTube]], albeit in unsubtitled Indonesian.[[note]]Since most of the people in it speak with a heavy North Sumatran dialect, even Indonesian speakers can find it challenging to understand at times.[[/note]]
to:
The documentary and its companion piece ''The Look of Silence'' ''Film/TheLookOfSilence'' can be viewed on [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tILiqotj7Y YouTube]], albeit in unsubtitled Indonesian.[[note]]Since most of the people in it speak with a heavy North Sumatran dialect, even Indonesian speakers can find it challenging to understand at times.[[/note]]
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 39 (click to see context) from:
* StateSec: The Pemuda Pancasila paramilitary group is one part this, one part organized crime, and one part RightWingMilitiaFanatic.
to:
* StateSec: The Pemuda Pancasila paramilitary group is one part this, one part organized crime, and one part RightWingMilitiaFanatic. In fact, right-wing paramilitary groups (of both secular nationalist and religious varieties) became the military's main instrument of terror during the killings, and many of them retain high-level political and military ties well after the Reformation. Their lingering presence across Indonesia was one of the reasons for the clandestine nature of the movie's production process.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
* BlackComedyRape: For the militia and ''only'' for them. One of the groups targeted during the killing was Gerwani (''Gerakan Wanita Indonesia'', Indonesian Women's Movement), a left-leaning feminist group with some communist ties. When the Pemuda Pancasila members show up to help the death squad vets with their film shoot, they joke about taking advantage of tied-up Gerwani activists and remark that "the 14-15 years old ones are the best".
Changed line(s) 31 (click to see context) from:
* EvilIsNotAToy: When the military government hired gangsters to do their dirty work, they probably were not expecting that the gangsters would end up becoming part of the government.
to:
* EvilIsNotAToy: When the military government hired gangsters to do their dirty work, they probably were not expecting that the gangsters would end up becoming part of the government. Possibly subverted in that while members of the paramilitary networks did end up in high positions, their organisations remain under military and police control to this day.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* EvilerThanThou: Discussed at one point. In 1984, the New Order government released the propaganda film ''[[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0335349/ Pengkhianatan G-30S/PKI]]'', which shows communist rebels kidnapping members of the Army staff and gruesomely torturing them to death. When Oppenheimer asks two death squad members about their opinion of the film, they reply that they find its depiction of ritual torture unrealistic, as they personally preferred to [[PragmaticVillainy hack through their victims dozens at a time without much fanfare]].
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
** Off-screen, the killers developed a cordial relationship with the crew over the course of several years, and kept in touch with them after the movie came out. One of the younger paramilitary leaders depicted, Herman Koto, even organised a screening in the city of Medan.
Changed line(s) 30 (click to see context) from:
* FromNobodyToNightmare: Anwar and his crew started out as street thugs making quick bucks by scalping movie tickets in the city of Medan. He ended up a fairly well-off local hero with a multitude of high-level political and business ties through the simple act of torturing and butchering thousands of suspected communists, the vast majority of them likely innocent.
to:
* FromNobodyToNightmare: Anwar and his crew started out as street thugs making quick bucks by scalping movie tickets in the city of Medan. He ended up a fairly well-off local hero with a multitude of high-level political and business ties through the simple act of torturing and butchering thousands of suspected communists, the vast majority of them likely innocent.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
The documentary and its companion piece ''The Look of Silence'' can be viewed on [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tILiqotj7Y YouTube]], albeit in unsubtitled Indonesian.[[note]]Since most of the people in it speak with a heavy North Sumatran dialect, even Indonesian speakers can find it challenging to understand at times.[[/note]]
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 25 (click to see context) from:
* CrapsackWorld: Indonesia is portrayed as one. Oppenheimer has stated in interviews that while this was not his intention and the country has been undergoing significant reforms in the past couple of decades, the right-wing paramilitary and criminal outfits brought into power by the New Order kleptocracy are still deeply rooted in the society, and the whitewashing of their past crimes is a very real problem.
to:
* CrapsackWorld: Indonesia is portrayed as one. Oppenheimer has stated in interviews that while this was not his intention and (and the country has been undergoing indeed undergone significant reforms in the past couple of decades, decades), the right-wing paramilitary and criminal outfits brought into power by the New Order kleptocracy are still deeply rooted in within the society, and the whitewashing of their past crimes is a very real problem.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 8,9 (click to see context) from:
''The Act of Killing'' is a 2012 documentary directed by Joshua Oppenheimer.
to:
''The Act of Killing'' (Indonesian: ''Jagal'', "Butcher") is a 2012 documentary directed by Joshua Oppenheimer.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* FromNobodyToNightmare: Anwar and his crew started out as street thugs making quick bucks by scalping movie tickets in the city of Medan. He ended up a fairly well-off local hero with a multitude of high-level political and business ties through the simple act of torturing and butchering thousands of suspected communists, the vast majority of them likely innocent.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 25 (click to see context) from:
* CrapsackWorld: Indonesia is portrayed as one.
to:
* CrapsackWorld: Indonesia is portrayed as one. Oppenheimer has stated in interviews that while this was not his intention and the country has been undergoing significant reforms in the past couple of decades, the right-wing paramilitary and criminal outfits brought into power by the New Order kleptocracy are still deeply rooted in the society, and the whitewashing of their past crimes is a very real problem.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 32,33 (click to see context) from:
* NeighborhoodFriendlyGangsters: {{Deconstructed}} when the cameras follow a Pancasila leader on a shakedown. While the gangs and paramilitary organizations try to present themselves as this, everyone knows exactly what they really are, and are terrified of them.
* StateSec: The Pancasila paramilitary group is one part this, one part organized crime, and one part RightWingMilitiaFanatic.
* StateSec: The Pancasila paramilitary group is one part this, one part organized crime, and one part RightWingMilitiaFanatic.
to:
* NeighborhoodFriendlyGangsters: {{Deconstructed}} when the cameras follow a Pemuda Pancasila leader on a shakedown. While the gangs and paramilitary organizations try to present themselves as this, everyone knows exactly what they really are, and are terrified of them.
* StateSec: The Pemuda Pancasila paramilitary group is one part this, one part organized crime, and one part RightWingMilitiaFanatic.
* StateSec: The Pemuda Pancasila paramilitary group is one part this, one part organized crime, and one part RightWingMilitiaFanatic.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* HeWhoMustNotBeSeen: Oppenheimer can be heard interviewing the subjects in lightly-accented Indonesian in some scenes, but he's never actually in the frame.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 5 (click to see context) from:
->''"What I regret...Honestly, I never expected it would look this awful."''
to:
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
->''"What I regret...Honestly, I never expected it would look this awful."''
-->-- '''Anwar Congo'''
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
* AffablyEvil: If you didn't know what he did, you'd think of Anwar as a CoolOldGuy with some eccentric habits. Critics compared this to Hannah Arendt's concept of the Banality of Evil.
Changed line(s) 23 (click to see context) from:
* LackOfEmpathy: Adi in general. Anwar starts as this, but slowly realizes the enormity of what he's done throughout the film.
to:
* LackOfEmpathy: Adi in general. Anwar starts as this, [[CharacterDevelopment but slowly realizes the enormity of what he's done done]] throughout the film.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 3,6 (click to see context) from:
The Act of Killing is a 2012 documentary directed by Joshua Oppenheimer.
When the government of Indonesia was overthrown by the military in 1965, Anwar Congo and his friends were promoted from small-time gangsters who sold movie theatre tickets on the black market to death squad leaders. They helped the army kill more than one million alleged communists, ethnic Chinese, and intellectuals in less than a year. As the executioner for the most notorious death squad in his city, Anwar himself killed hundreds of people with his own hands.
When the government of Indonesia was overthrown by the military in 1965, Anwar Congo and his friends were promoted from small-time gangsters who sold movie theatre tickets on the black market to death squad leaders. They helped the army kill more than one million alleged communists, ethnic Chinese, and intellectuals in less than a year. As the executioner for the most notorious death squad in his city, Anwar himself killed hundreds of people with his own hands.
to:
When the government of
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Changed line(s) 25 (click to see context) from:
* NeighborhoodFriendlyGangsters: Deconstructed when the cameras follow a Pancasila leader on a shakedown. While the gangs and paramilitary organizations try to present themselves as this, everyone knows exactly what they really are, and are terrified of them.
to:
* NeighborhoodFriendlyGangsters: Deconstructed {{Deconstructed}} when the cameras follow a Pancasila leader on a shakedown. While the gangs and paramilitary organizations try to present themselves as this, everyone knows exactly what they really are, and are terrified of them.
Changed line(s) 31 (click to see context) from:
* WrittenByTheWinners: Repeatedly discussed, largely by Adi. On a meta level, the film itself is an attempt to deconstruct this.
to:
* WrittenByTheWinners: Repeatedly discussed, {{discussed}}, largely by Adi. On a meta level, the film itself is an attempt to deconstruct this.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* VillainWithGoodPublicity: The gangsters are officially treated as heroes, at one point even appearing on a talk show celebrating their actions. The producers of said talk show are shown to be disgusted with what they're being made to air.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Deleted line(s) 26 (click to see context) :
* NightmareFuel: Particularly the fantasy sequences, but really the film as a whole. Looking into the souls of these murderers is probably one of the most disturbing cinema experiences going.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* NightmareFuel: Particularly the fantasy sequences, but really the film as a whole. Looking into the souls of these murderers is probably one of the most disturbing cinema experiences going.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
* EvilIsNotAToy: When the military government hired gangsters to do their dirty work, they probably were not expecting that the gangsters would end up becoming part of the government.
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
[[quoteright:350:http://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/theactofkilling_poster_4370.jpg]]
Is there an issue? Send a MessageReason:
None
Added DiffLines:
The Act of Killing is a 2012 documentary directed by Joshua Oppenheimer.
When the government of Indonesia was overthrown by the military in 1965, Anwar Congo and his friends were promoted from small-time gangsters who sold movie theatre tickets on the black market to death squad leaders. They helped the army kill more than one million alleged communists, ethnic Chinese, and intellectuals in less than a year. As the executioner for the most notorious death squad in his city, Anwar himself killed hundreds of people with his own hands.
Today, Anwar is revered as a founding father of a right-wing paramilitary organization that grew out of the death squads. The organization is so powerful that its leaders include government ministers, and they are happy to boast about everything from corruption and election rigging to acts of genocide.
Anwar and his friends claimed to have been inspired by the violent American films they watched growing up, and so the filmmakers challenged Anwar and his friends to develop fiction scenes about their experience of the killings, adapted to their favorite genres – gangster, western, musical. They write the scripts. They play themselves. And they play their victims.
----
!This film provides examples of:
* AcceptableTargets: [[invoked]] The killers consider communists to be this.
* ArcWords: A few.
** "The word ''Gangster''[[note]]''Preman''[[/note]] comes from ''[[GratuitousEnglish Free Men]]''."
** "This is history."
* BadDreams: Anwar has recurring nightmares about the killings he committed.
* CorruptPolitician: According to Herman, ''all of them''. Many government higher-ups are associated with the paramilitary group Pancasila, and Indonesia's vice president openly praises gangsters at one of their rallies.
* CrapsackWorld: Indonesia is portrayed as one.
* DamnItFeelsGoodToBeAGangster: The attitude of the gangsters is summed up as "Relax and Rolex."
* IronicEcho: The very end of the film has Anwar return to a rooftop seen near the beginning. The first time, he happily described the method by which he executed prisoners in that very spot. The second time, he breaks down and starts gagging.
* LackOfEmpathy: Adi in general. Anwar starts as this, but slowly realizes the enormity of what he's done throughout the film.
* MyGodWhatHaveIDone: At the end of the film, Anwar watches footage filmed earlier in which he plays one of his own victims during an interrogation and execution. He then asks, "Did the people I tortured feel what I felt? Have I sinned?" When Oppenheimer tells him that his victims actually felt worse, the look on his face says it all.
* NeighborhoodFriendlyGangsters: Deconstructed when the cameras follow a Pancasila leader on a shakedown. While the gangs and paramilitary organizations try to present themselves as this, everyone knows exactly what they really are, and are terrified of them.
* StateSec: The Pancasila paramilitary group is one part this, one part organized crime, and one part RightWingMilitiaFanatic.
* RetiredMonster: Anwar and his fellow death squad leaders.
* VillainousBreakdown: Towards the end of the movie, Anwar starts to realize just how heinous the actions he committed truly were.
* VillainProtagonist: Anwar, although he doesn't see it that way.
* WrittenByTheWinners: Repeatedly discussed, largely by Adi. On a meta level, the film itself is an attempt to deconstruct this.
----
When the government of Indonesia was overthrown by the military in 1965, Anwar Congo and his friends were promoted from small-time gangsters who sold movie theatre tickets on the black market to death squad leaders. They helped the army kill more than one million alleged communists, ethnic Chinese, and intellectuals in less than a year. As the executioner for the most notorious death squad in his city, Anwar himself killed hundreds of people with his own hands.
Today, Anwar is revered as a founding father of a right-wing paramilitary organization that grew out of the death squads. The organization is so powerful that its leaders include government ministers, and they are happy to boast about everything from corruption and election rigging to acts of genocide.
Anwar and his friends claimed to have been inspired by the violent American films they watched growing up, and so the filmmakers challenged Anwar and his friends to develop fiction scenes about their experience of the killings, adapted to their favorite genres – gangster, western, musical. They write the scripts. They play themselves. And they play their victims.
----
!This film provides examples of:
* AcceptableTargets: [[invoked]] The killers consider communists to be this.
* ArcWords: A few.
** "The word ''Gangster''[[note]]''Preman''[[/note]] comes from ''[[GratuitousEnglish Free Men]]''."
** "This is history."
* BadDreams: Anwar has recurring nightmares about the killings he committed.
* CorruptPolitician: According to Herman, ''all of them''. Many government higher-ups are associated with the paramilitary group Pancasila, and Indonesia's vice president openly praises gangsters at one of their rallies.
* CrapsackWorld: Indonesia is portrayed as one.
* DamnItFeelsGoodToBeAGangster: The attitude of the gangsters is summed up as "Relax and Rolex."
* IronicEcho: The very end of the film has Anwar return to a rooftop seen near the beginning. The first time, he happily described the method by which he executed prisoners in that very spot. The second time, he breaks down and starts gagging.
* LackOfEmpathy: Adi in general. Anwar starts as this, but slowly realizes the enormity of what he's done throughout the film.
* MyGodWhatHaveIDone: At the end of the film, Anwar watches footage filmed earlier in which he plays one of his own victims during an interrogation and execution. He then asks, "Did the people I tortured feel what I felt? Have I sinned?" When Oppenheimer tells him that his victims actually felt worse, the look on his face says it all.
* NeighborhoodFriendlyGangsters: Deconstructed when the cameras follow a Pancasila leader on a shakedown. While the gangs and paramilitary organizations try to present themselves as this, everyone knows exactly what they really are, and are terrified of them.
* StateSec: The Pancasila paramilitary group is one part this, one part organized crime, and one part RightWingMilitiaFanatic.
* RetiredMonster: Anwar and his fellow death squad leaders.
* VillainousBreakdown: Towards the end of the movie, Anwar starts to realize just how heinous the actions he committed truly were.
* VillainProtagonist: Anwar, although he doesn't see it that way.
* WrittenByTheWinners: Repeatedly discussed, largely by Adi. On a meta level, the film itself is an attempt to deconstruct this.
----
