Black Panther: Over the years of defending his kingdom of Wakanda, T'Challa has developed a nicely-sized gallery of his own, consisting of foes who either want to plunder Wakanda for its plentiful stock of vibranium or else usurp the throne from T'Challa for their own purposes of conquest (and many of whom are themselves natives of Wakanda or of neighboring villages or kingdoms). Three of the best known members of his gallery are Ulysses Klaw (who murdered T'Challa's father T'Chaka in the backstory), Killmonger (who wants revenge for T'Chaka exiling his family after his father assisted Klaw in an attack on Wakanda), and Man-Ape (who has tried to usurp the Wakandan throne in order to return it to a more primitive state); all three appear in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, though Man-Ape has a Heel–Face Turn in that continuity during the events of the Black Panther film. Other enemies that the Black Panther has had to face include Baron Macabre, King Cadaver, Kiber the Cruel, Madame Slay, Salamander K'ruel, Princess Zanda, Malice, Lord Karnaj, Sombre, Tetu, Zenzi, Reverend Achebe, the Sons of the Serpent, and Klaw's father Colonel Fritz Klaue. T'Challa has even had to deal with members of his own family, such as half-brother Jakarra and adopted brother White Wolf, both of whom have a Cain and Abel dynamic with him (although White Wolf, a white man, loves and respects Wakanda to the point that he'll willingly temper his hatred of T'Challa enough to give aid to his adopted homeland when needed).
Captain America's gallery consists mostly of threats to the American way of life: Nazis (The Red Skull, both Barons Zemo), terrorist organizations (HYDRA, U.L.T.I.M.A.T.U.M.), internal threats (The Secret Empire, led by President Nixon), and The French (Batroc ze Lee-pair). That said, he's also battled more conventional supervillains like Solarr, the Porcupine, the Animus, and the Serpent Society. The Captain has also repeatedly clashed with the likes of the Scorpion, MisterHyde, and Marvel's version of the Scarecrow.
Carol Danvers has had a varied gallery, including enemies who were created specifically for her to fight but who are now better known as members of other heroes' galleries. Three foes who fall in that category include Mystique (her original Arch-Enemy), Deathbird, and the Brood alien race (all better known as X-Men villains these days), plus Carol has also had to deal with the Skrulls (who tend to fight other heroes as well as her), Moonstone, Toxie Doxie, Grace Valentine, Destructor and Doomsday Man (respectively, a man who wore Powered Armor and a cyborg, and who both got fused into one individual later), the Storyteller, sorcerer Warren Traveler, and Kree commander Yon-Rogg. Newer additions since she became a cosmic hero include Hala the Accuser and Dr. Eve.
Naturally Doctor Strange, the Sorcerer Supreme of Marvel Comics, has a rogues gallery, although it's extremely unusual. Strange's foes range from other human sorcerers (Baron Mordo) to demonic entities from other dimensions who want to take over the Earth (Nightmare, Dormammu, the Dweller-in-Darkness) to out-and-out Eldritch Abominations (Shuma-Gorath) to ancient super weapons left behind (Zom). To complicate matters, sometimes these entities use humans as agents or vessels to attack Strange when they can't go after him directly (e.g. Dormammu possessing The Hood).
Different incarnations of the Ghost Rider had their own rogues galleries, including both demonic and otherwise supernatural villains like Mephisto, Blackheart, Deathwatch, Blackout, Hag & Troll, Null the Living Darkness, Wallow, Vengeance, Centurious, and Lilith, and more conventional costumed villains like the Orb, the Water Wizard, Steel Wind, and Marvel's own version of the Scarecrow.
Even Howard the Duck had an off-kilter Rogues' Gallery, headlined by recurring nemeses Doctor Bong and the Kidney Lady, and including the likes of Pro-Rata, the Cosmic Accountant; Doctor Angst, Master of Mundane Mysticism; Betsy the Hellcow; and Le Beaver.
Iron Fist has a gallery of villains of his own, many of whom are martial artists like Iron Fist himself, to include the likes of Steel Serpent, Zhou Chen, Scimitar, Bushmaster, Crane Mother, El Aguila, Ferocia, Nightshade, Quan Yaozu, Junzo Muto, Death Sting, Council of Lou-Shi and Master Khan. He's also tangled with enemies who are usually mainstays in other heroes' rogues galleries, including Batroc the Leaper and the Constrictor (both Captain America villains), the Wrecking Crew (Thor), and Bullseye (Daredevil). Interestingly, Sabretooth (who's best known as Wolverine's Arch-Enemy) originally started out as an Iron Fist foe, but back then he was portrayed as a human who wielded gloves with razor-claws; when he was shifted to being Wolverine's chief villain, he was retooled as a mutant with the claws being part of his bestial mutation.
The Incredible Hulk: The Hulk has a really big one. Most of the Hulk's enemies are other super-strong bruisers who can actually go a few rounds with the Big Green Machine without immediately getting turned into roadkill, like the Abomination, Red Hulk, Absorbing Man, Mister Hyde, Madman, the Glob, Bi-Beast, and the Wendigo. Not everyone fits the bill however, such as the Leader, a Mad Scientist and Evil Genius who has as much brains as the Hulk does brawn; the U-Foes, a collective Evil Counterpart to the Fantastic Four with a similar origin and powers, although they never actually met the Four; Zzzax, a sentient electrical field; Mercy, a fragile-looking and wayward Dark Magical Girl; the Gamma Corps, a collection of other gamma-mutated humans who serve the Leader; Rock and Redeemer, one of whom is a sentient shapeshifting boulder and the other who wears a suit of deadly power armor; and others such as Speedfreek, Constrictor, Boomerang, and Piecemeal. The Hulk has even battled a couple of Eldritch Abominations, like the Crawling Unknown (a giant, cancerlike growth that mutated out of control), and Sh'mballah, an Expy of Cthulhu who tried to conquer the Earth, messed with the Hulk, and didn't live to regret it. The Hulk is also a popular choice for villains who fight someone besides their traditional enemies, as he's tangled with the likes of Sandman and the Rhino, the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants and the Juggernaut. The Hulk is also one of the few Marvel characters who has other heroes in his rogues gallery, regularly slugging it out with Thor, Wolverine, and The Thing.
Bruce Banner's cousin Jennifer Walters, also known as She-Hulk, has her own list of enemies, likewise consisting of super-strong bruisers such as her Arch-Enemy Titania and others like the Abominatrix, Adrenazon, and the Behemoth, but also including other super-powered foes like the Countess (a reality-warper), Bulldozer (the daughter of the original Bulldozer from the Wrecking Crew), the Grappler (a martial artist who uses gadgets to fight), the Word (a cult leader) and his daughter Ultima, Madcap (a crazy fellow with incredible healing abilities), Ruby Thursday (Android/Cyborg, who knows?), Black Hole (a man who can create a black hole from his chest), and Frenzy (a mutant whose skin is hard as steel) and even non-powered villains like extortionist Beverly Cross and crime boss Nicholas Trask. Being the Hulk's cousin and ally, she's also butted heads with some of his enemies, including the Abomination and the Grey Gargoyle, and with villains from other rogues' galleries such as Venom and Juggernaut.
Since Iron Man began as a vehicle for Cold War stories, his gallery were nearly all communists — the Mandarin (not technically a communist but more of a Yellow Peril), the Crimson Dynamo, the Unicorn, and the Titanium Man. Eventually, when the Cold War threats died down, his enemies became tailored to be antagonists to a playboy industrialist millionaire: Iron Monger, Justin Hammer and Sunset Bain (two business rivals), Doctor Doom (a dictator and technocrat who has what may be an even more powerful suit of armor than his own), the Ghost (an industrial saboteur), Whiplash/Blacklash (one of Hammer's longtime employees), the Blizzard (an embittered ex-employee who was fired by Stark for stealing from the company, and created his own suit of armor in an attempt at revenge), Firebrand (a radical anarchist determined to destroy capitalism and lead a utopian revolution), the Spymaster (an industrial spy), Madame Masque (a masked criminal saboteur, as well as an on-again, off-again girlfriend), Firepower (an armored warrior sponsored by the U.S. government, who wanted to destroy Iron Man when they thought he had gone rogue), the Melter (a crooked industrialist who was run out of business and set out to sabotage Stark Enterprises), Sunturion (another armored warrior who worked for a rival company), and the Living Laser (a psychopath with deadly laser blasters strapped to his wrists, who started out lusting after one of Iron Man's teammates but soon developed a loathing for Iron Man himself).
After the downfall of the Soviet Union, many of the Soviet villains were altered somewhat, with the Crimson Dynamo armor being used by petty criminals or by people with other non-Communist political agendas, the Unicorn having become a Cloudcuckoolander, and the Titanium Man embittered over Russia's transition to a capitalist democracy and determined to destroy Iron Man, who he blames for the change.
Then there's Fin Fang Foom, because you can't have a hero in shining armor without a bona fide fire-breathing dragon to fight. Foom also hates the Mandarin, because the Mandarin stole his ten power rings from Foom's spaceship (yes, Foom is a fire-breathing Chinese dragonfrom space. And that is awesome).
The martial artist Shang-Chi has often fought Zaran, the Cat, Pavane, Kogar, Mordillo, Tiger/Claw, Ghost-Maker, Razor-Fist and Shadow-Stalker. But more importantly he fought Midnight Sun (his adopted brother), Moving Shadow (his half brother), Fah Lo Suee/Cursed Lotus (his half sister) and big bad Fu Manchu/Zheng Zu (his father).
Luke Cage has a number of foes who have similar origins to him (that is, born under poor circumstances and eventually taking up crime, though Cage himself reformed), and although many of them don't have superpowers, they make up for it by having some kind of physical superiority or high-powered weaponry. These include Cockroach Hamilton (wields a six-barreled shotgun that pulls double-duty as a flame-thrower), Black Mariah (a 400-pound drug dealer with exceptional strength), Cornell Cottonmouth (an elderly drug kingpin and pimp with photographic memory), Hardcore (a mercenary with medically-enhance nails capable of slashing through steel), John Bushmaster (not the same as the Bushmaster from Iron Fist's gallery; this one is a crime boss with powers similar to Cage), Chemistro (an identity borne by three different individuals, all of whom have alchemic abilities), Cheshire Cat (able to turn invisible and intangible and also able to teleport), Stiletto (fights using wrist-mounted blade-launchers), and Piranha Jones (a crime boss with metallic jaws and teeth). Three other enemies of Cage's, Billy Bob Rackham, Willis Stryker and Coldfire, loom much more largely in his life, as Rackham was a prison guard whose attempt to kill Cage wound up giving him his powers, Stryker was the one who framed Cage and sent him to prison in the first place, and Coldfire is Cage's brother who hated him for his formerly criminal lifestyle. Also Shades and Comanche.
Moon Girl and Devil Dinosaur has Princess Fisk (Kingpin’s goddaughter), Kree Marvin Ellis, Demolisher, Stegron and the Killer Folk Tribe.
The Mighty Thor's rogues gallery is a strange mishmash of mythological villains and costumed criminals. Some of his enemies are derived from Norse Mythology, like his brotherLoki, and the fire giant Surtur, and those who hail from the worlds of myth but were created by Stan Lee like Ulik the rock troll, Amora The Enchantress, and Skurge the Executioner, but even in the early Stan Lee-scripted stories he fought mortal villains like the Wrecking Crew, the Absorbing Man, Mister Hyde, the Cobra, Radioactive Man, Zarrko, and the Grey Gargoyle.
Sub-Mariner aka Namor has a host of enemies. Attuma, Tiger Shark, Llyra, Llyron, Orka, Krang, his cousin Byrrah, Dr Dorcas, Tyrak and his frenemy Dr Doom.
Nova has a moderately-sized group of enemies such as Condor, Diamondhead, Megaman, the Corrupter, Powerhouse, Supernova and Sphinx.
While (for rather obvious reasons) The Punisher has a small rogues gallery in the sense of recurring targets... Jigsaw is the most long-running character he's ever had to deal with, even when the original Jigsaw was killed in the regular Marvel Universe, as Stuart Clarke eventually "succeeded" him, although Nicky Cavella (2 arcs) and Kathie O'Brien's husband Rawlins (3), and finally the Generals briefly joined in the MAX universe under Garth Ennis' years as author.
Barracuda, the Made of Ironbackstabbing mercenary introduced in the MAX universe, also lasted for a few arcs and got his own miniseries. After surviving a ridiculous number of injuries throughout the series, Barracuda was finally Killed Off for Real after Frank tore off his nose with a pair of pliers, chopped off his arms, and blew his head off with an AK-47.
Terrorist-for-hire Saracen had a sixteen-issue run in the 616 universe.
The Kingpin is also a major recurring enemy to Frank, in both the 616 and MAX universes. In fact, as explained on Fisk's character page, the only reason he's survived so many encounters with the Punisher is because even Frank recognizes the massive power vacuum and accompanying deaths of innocents that would result if Kingpin were to die.
Moon Knight has Bushman, Stained Glass Scarlet, the Profile, Sun King, Black Spectre, Midnight Man and later his son, Morpheus, the Hellbent, Slasher and Moon Knight’s brother Shadow Knight.
Sleepwalker had a strange collection of original villains, including costumed criminals (8-Ball, the Chain Gang, Spectra, Psyko), uncostumed villains (Lullaby and the Bookworm), crazed government agents (the Office of Insufficient Evidence, the Thought Police), and supernatural demons (Mr. Jyn and Cobweb). In his short career, Sleepy also found time to mess with the villains of the X-Men (Brotherhood of Evil Mutants), Spider-Man (the Hobgoblin), and Doctor Strange (Nightmare).
His gallery includes the Green Goblinnote a Corrupt Corporate Executive with a Mad BomberSplit Personality after taking a Psycho Serum, Hobgoblinnote a sane, albeit sociopathic fashion designer who uses a modified Goblin arsenal, Doctor Octopusnote a Mad Doctor who has four mechanical arms fused to his back, Venomnote a mentally troubled reporter bonded to an alien symbiote, sharing a hatred for Spider-Man, Electronote a man who controls all forms of electricity, Mysterionote a failed special effects artist who uses his technology to become a villain, Sandmannote a crook whose molecules are fused with sand particlesKraven the Hunternote a big game hunter with the abilities of a Super Serum, the Vulturenote an old businessman who utilizes a electromagnetic winged harness, Carnagenote a psychopathic Serial Killer bonded to another symbiote spawned from Venom's own, the Lizardnote a scientist with a Split Personality which transforms him into a humanoid reptilian, the Rhinonote a brute with his skin fused with a rhino-like hide costume, Black Catnote a master cat burglar who goes by her father's words to "never settle for second best", the Scorpionnote an investigator turned insane Psycho for Hire trapped in a scorpion-esque armor, theShockernote a robber who created an insulated battle suit with vibro-shock gauntlets, etc. Together with Batman and Superman's, it's considered probably the most well-known Rogues Gallery in all of comicdom.
The villains are also good examples of villains crossing over to fight new heroes besides their traditional sparring partners. Electro, for example, has become an enemy to Daredevil as well as Spider-Man, while Spidey himself has thrown down with the enemies of everyone from Iron Man to the Hulk to Captain Marvel.
Dark Reign upgraded Norman "The Green Goblin" Osborn to a universe-wide villain when he took over the Avengers.
Starting with Brand New Day, many new villains have been introduced in order to keep stories from falling into routine. Among them are Mr. Negative, Menace, Screwball, Paper Doll, Fracture, Overdrive, and Blindside. Of the bunch Mr. Negative, Screwball, and Overdrive proved to be the only ones to have any staying power in Spidey's rogues gallery.
Spider-Girl, his daughter, has a nice rogues gallery as well. Crazy Eight, Killerwatt, the Dragon King, Funny Face, Soldiers of the Serpent, Quickwire, the Hobgoblin, Earthshaker, Mr. Abnormal, Aftershock, Apox, Angel Face, Fury the Goblin Queen, Mr. Nobody, Carolyn Trainer, Killer Frost, Reverb, etc. She even inherited a villain from her father's rogues gallery in the form of Black Tarantula.
Due to villain attrition, such as the death of Kraven and the reforming of Sandman as a hero, the Sinister Six has seen a lot of villains take part of the sextet as Doc Ock sought to fill up the empty slots any way he could just to preserve the group name. This has actually lead to the Six's downfall on a few occasions, due to Ock picking a villain who isn't really a team player. For example the one time they let Venom join, his mental instability and obsession with being the one to kill Spider-Man resulted in him going rogue mid-battle, crippling Sandman with a poisonous bite, and basically ruining the plan just as they were about to win. Generally Spidey's villains don't play well with each other.
Miles Morales: As the younger Spider-Man, Miles has his Uncle Aaron (Prowler, Iron Spider), Bombshell’s mom, Tomoe, Ceres, Snatcher, the Assessor, the female Electro, Hammerhead, Ultimatum, the Ultimate Green Goblin and the Spot.
Spider-Gwen aka Ghost-Spider (2019): has her universe’s Kingpin Murdock, The Lizards, the S.I.L.K. Organization, Koala Kommander, the Black Cat, the “Punisher”, the Bodega Bandit, the Vulture, Man-Wolf and now the main Marvel universe’s Jackal.
Venom: While Eddie Brock and the symbiote have traditionally been part of Spider-Man's rogues gallery (as outlined above), they have also developed a gallery of their own as they've shifted from outright villainy to being more anti-heroic. A big constant in their list of adversaries is Carnage, the Venom symbiote's offspring which has been a recurring foe both on its own and when bonded to its usual host Cletus Kasady; but other enemies Venom has had to endure—regardless of who the symbiote is bonded to at the time—include Jack O'Lantern (the fifth person to wield the name and outfit), Killer Thrill, Sin-Eater, The Jury (whose leader formed the team after Venom killed his security guard son while escaping the Vault), Pyre, Scorpion (the third Venom host), Krogg, The Redeemer, and Knull (the deity who created the symbiotes).
The X-MenhaveMagneto, Mystique, Apocalypse, Mister Sinister, Reverend (or Colonel) Stryker, the Shadow King, Black Tom Cassidy, Selene, Sabretooth, the Juggernaut, etc. X-Men being a book about a team, they've got even more groups as enemies: the Brotherhood of Mutants, the Hellfire Club, the Savage Land mutates, the original Hellions, the Acolytes, the Marauders, the Four Horsemen, the Sentinels, and on and on. Team names tend to get reused, and individual members get around a lot, nearly as much as with the X-Men themselves.
Making things even more complicated, a few X-Men have their own Rogues galleries! Wolverine has everyone ever involved with the Weapon Plus project (Sabretooth, Lady Deathstrike, etc.), Jean Grey (thanks to being the incarnation of the Phoenix) is on the entire Shi'ar Empire's shit list, and Professor X himself has personal issues with Magneto, the Shadow King, Cassandra Nova, and Cain "Juggernaut" Marko. Cyclops and his brother Havok are of special interest to Mr. Sinister (who has up to THREE teams of Psycho for Hire assassins!) and have their psychopathic Omega class brother Vulcan to deal with, Beast has to deal with his Age of Apocalypse Evil Counterpart Dark Beast, Banshee and Black Tom are cousins, and Colossus has a Cain and Abel dynamic with his brother Mikhael Rasputin. The X-Men have so many enemies it's a wonder how they keep track of them all. And while some of the above are currently dead, this is X-Men, so they'll probably be back.
Excalibur has had Arcade, Doctor Doom, Galactus, the Hellfire Club, Juggernaut, Mister Sinister, Mystique, Nightmare and Sentinels.
Likewise to the JLA and JSA, The Avengers fought both the enemies of their individual members (such as Loki and The Red Skull) and their own collective enemies, including Ultron, Kang the Conqueror, Graviton, Count Nefaria, and the various incarnations of The Masters of Evil.
They also have a tendency to "borrow" Magneto and Doctor Doom, presumably because the X-Men and the Fantastic Four can't be bothered on some days.
In the very early stories written by Stan Lee, even the Human Torch and Ant-Man had their own rogue's galleries before they became full-time team heroes. The Torch faced off against the Beetle, Plant-Man, the Trapster, and the Wizard, while Ant-Man battled the likes of Whirlwind, Egghead, and the Porcupine. The Wizard went on to become a significant threat to the Fantastic Four, while the rest of them languished as minor villains... they weren't Stan's best creations.
The New Warriors have squared off with the likes of A.I.M., High Evolutionary, the Sphinx (both the male and female version), Juggernaut, Malekith the Accursed, Nitro, the U-Foes, Punisher, Super-Apes, Tiger Shark, Skrull, Terrax, the Folding Circle, Psionex, Asylum, Harrier and Midnight’s Fire.
