Line #76 MediaNotes/TheHaysCode


1	[[quoteright:350:https://static.tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pub/images/hays_code_notice.jpg]]
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3	''The Hays Code'' was the informal name for The Motion Picture Production Code, adopted in 1930 but not seriously enforced until 1934. The Code was a set of rules governing American filmmaking that shaped--and in many ways stifled--American cinema for over three decades before it was phased out during the late 50's and finally set aside in 1965 in favor of the MPAA rating system that is still in use to today. It also happened to completely overlap with MediaNotes/TheGoldenAgeOfHollywood.
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5	MediaNotes/ThePreCodeEra of Hollywood cinema stretched from around 1928 to 1933, and the contrast between films made before and after the Hays Code was enacted shows the impact censorship had on American cinema. Films like Creator/HowardHawks' ''{{Film/Scarface 1932}}'' were far more brazen and upfront about DamnItFeelsGoodToBeAGangster, lacking the DoNotDoThisCoolThing tacked-on correctives seen in films like ''Film/AngelsWithDirtyFaces'' (though even during this era, with Hawks' film, the studio added scenes and changed the title to ''Scarface: The Shame of the Nation'' to appease local censorship boards). The landscape was also less politically correct, as actors and actresses played all kinds of roles. Lots of pre-Code films have a surprisingly feminist slant; working women are even regarded with sympathy and affection. William A. Wellman's ''Film/HeroesForSale'' (1933) shows a ShellShockedVeteran returning from UsefulNotes/WorldWarI falling into morphine addiction. Directors such as Josef von Sternberg worked with Creator/MarleneDietrich to create provocative explorations of sexuality and power. 1930's ''Film/{{Morocco}}'' even featured the first lesbian kiss in sound cinema.
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7	During the later years of MediaNotes/TheSilentAgeOfHollywood and the MediaNotes/RiseOfTheTalkies, Hollywood became inundated with public complaints about the perceived lewd content of films. Scandals centered around big stars (most infamously Creator/FattyArbuckle) and the ensuing media frenzy made vocal sections of the public call for the government to rein in Hollywood. As luck would have it, the [[UsefulNotes/AmericanCourts U.S. Supreme Court]] had ruled in 1915 that films did not qualify for [[UsefulNotes/TheFirstAmendment First Amendment]] protection.[[note]]The ruling in the 1915 case, ''Mutual Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio'', said essentially that because film was a purely commercial endeavor, it therefore had no artistic merit, and thus could not count as free speech. This reasoning was [[InsaneTrollLogic quite obviously nonsensical]], given that many works considered in 1915 to be "obviously" high art from earlier eras (such as the plays of Creator/WilliamShakespeare and the paintings of Creator/LeonardoDaVinci) were at the time of their creation also "purely commercial endeavors", but it was legally binding nonetheless. The decision was overturned in 1952 by ''Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson''.[[/note]] Congress began to consider creating a national censorship board akin to the ones found in several states both before and after the ''Mutual'' Decision but nothing came of it.
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9	To stop the government from censoring or banning films, Hollywood decided to do the deed themselves with the Hays Code, a set of production directives voluntarily adopted by all the major studios that would ostensibly prove to Congress (and the public) that Hollywood had cleaned up its act. Will H. Hays, a former Postmaster General under Warren G. Harding, did not create the Code, but he was the first head of the office of its enforcement, so his name became more-or-less permanently attached to it. Amongst filmmakers, Joseph Breen was the main man behind censorship from 1933 to 1953 who strictly enforced the Code, which was also known as the Breen Code for this reason. The Code placed a number of restrictions on all films produced, distributed, or exhibited by the members of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA), the organization today known as the Motion Picture Association (MPA). [[note]] It's still also known as the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) but it dropped the "of America" part, as early as 1994 in international markets, but the change was made official in 2019.[[/note]]
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11	The Hays Code restrictions were as follows:
12	* Crime and immorality could never be portrayed in a positive light. [[CantGetAwayWithNuthin If someone performed an immoral act, they had to be punished on screen]], resulting in numerous cases of AdaptationalKarma.
13	** This forced a change to the ending of ''Literature/TheBadSeed''. In the novel and stage play, Christine gives an overdose of sleeping pills to her dangerous sociopathic daughter Rhoda, and Christine shoots herself, but Rhoda survives, with the implication [[TheBadGuyWins she will kill again]] (especially now that her mother, the only person aware of her true nature, is gone). The film version has Christine survive her suicide attempt, whereas Rhoda dies in a contrived and implausible KarmicDeath (she goes to the lake to find the penmanship medal [[DisproportionateRetribution for which she killed a boy]], and a tree [[BoltOfDivineRetribution is struck by lightning]] and falls on her).
14	** The Hays Office made the ending of ''Film/TheBigSleep'' more violent and decisive than the one originally planned.
15	** TheReveal in ''Literature/{{Rebecca}}'' suffered as a result of this rule. Originally, [[spoiler:the cruel and faithless Rebecca is murdered by her husband Maxim]], but in Creator/AlfredHitchcock's 1940 film version, [[spoiler:her death is accidental and Maxim covers it up because he feels nobody will believe his innocence]].
16	** This ruling came into conflict with ''Film/ItsAWonderfulLife'' wherein the original ending would have had Mr. Potter die of a heart attack upon being confronted by Clarence and told he will go to Hell when he dies. Another would have had him suffer a heart attack as he counted his ill-gotten money. Both scenes were deemed too macabre and as a result Potter gets away with his deeds and stealing the money Uncle Billy was supposed to deliver to the state bank examiner.
17	** This rule also disallowed morally derelict characters being DrivenToSuicide, which changed the originally planned ending of ''Film/AngelFace'' and the circumstances of Billy's death in ''Theatre/{{Carousel}}''.
18	** In the [[Film/DavidCopperfield1935 1935 film adaptation]] of ''Literature/DavidCopperfield'', when the thief who robs young David of his money takes off in his cart, the authorities are shown chasing after him, something not present in the original novel and very obviously added to comply with the code.
19	** ''WesternAnimation/TheAdventuresOfIchabodAndMrToad'' portrayed [[Literature/TheWindInTheWillows Toad]] as being framed for theft, [[AdaptationalHeroism whereas]] in the book (and all future adaptations), he actually ''does'' steal the motorcar.
20	** ''Film/InThisOurLife'' radically changed the ending of the novel in which [[spoiler: the racist politics of the time allow Parry to go to jail because it's Stanley's word against his]]. The film now has [[spoiler: Parry being found innocent and Stanley perishing in a fiery car crash]]. This severely diluted the story's statements on racial bias.
21	** The RiseAndFallGangsterArc becoming a mainstay of gangster films is widely considered a byproduct of this restriction.
22	* Films could only present "correct standards of life" (for the times) unless the plot called for something else.
23	** One strange repercussion of this rule: some directors avoided taking on films that centered on poverty, as it could have conflicted with the Code.
24	** The 1940 ''Film/PrideAndPrejudice'' had changed Lady Catherine de Bourgh's opposition of Elizabeth marrying Mr. Darcy into a test of wits to prove her worth, which takes away Lady Catherine de Bourgh's antagonistic role from the story.
25	* The law had to be respected and upheld.
26	** Cartoons could occasionally get away with breaking the law; such examples include the ''WesternAnimation/WoodyWoodpecker'' cartoon "The Screwdriver" and Creator/TexAvery's "WesternAnimation/ThugsWithDirtyMugs" (which was [[BannedInChina banned in Manitoba, Canada]] because the censors there thought the cartoon made light of violent crime).
27	* Nudity and overt portrayals and references to sexual behavior (even between consenting adults) could not be shown.
28	** Under this rule, the aftermath of sexual activity--pregnancy and the resulting childbirth--weren't allowed. In ''Film/GoneWithTheWind'', when Melanie Hamilton Wilkes is giving birth, she and Scarlett and Prissy are ''literally'' shown only as shadows on a wall because of this rule.
29	** The ban on anything that could be construed as sexual is what pretty much killed the ''WesternAnimation/BettyBoop'' cartoons. It also made Creator/MaeWest a star, as her films made good use of her innuendo-laden humor.
30	** ''WesternAnimation/RedHotRidingHood'' pushed the limits of what was allowed for {{fanservice}} on the silver screen. A lot of the [[SomethingElseAlsoRises sexually-charged wild takes]] were removed from prints for general audiences, but were reinstated in copies made for American soldiers fighting overseas during UsefulNotes/WorldWarII.
31	** The Creator/WalterLantz shorts "Abou Ben Boogie" and "The Greatest Man In Siam" also got away with a surprising amount of fanservice, although this eventually kept them banned from TV airings in later years.
32	** The word "virgin" was banned for this reason, and it was {{Bowdlerise}}d out of the film versions of ''Theatre/{{Carousel}}'' and ''The Rose Tattoo''. It was mostly because of the usage of that word that led to ''Theatre/TheMoonIsBlue'' being released without Hays Code approval.
33	** Although depicting men and women in bed together wasn't strictly forbidden--it was in the "be careful" section, rather than the "don't" section--SleepingSingle became a universal trope thanks to this rule, and it remained such until the 1960s.
34	** It was necessary in all romantic scenes for a woman to have at least one foot on the floor, to prevent love scenes in bed. This led to FootPopping becoming popular.
35	** The Hays Office had many issues with ''{{Film/Casablanca}}'', most of them related to sexual content. In the unproduced play which the film was based on, the ending featured Lois ([[AdaptationNameChange renamed Ilsa in the film]]) sleeping with Rick for the [[MacGuffin letters of transit]]. The Hays Code put an end to that. Rick and Ilsa's affair in Paris was only allowed because she believed her husband was dead at the time, and even with that the censors tried to quash any hint that they might have slept together while in Paris. In keeping with this, they rejected the writer's preferred ending, which would have had Ilsa choosing to stay with Rick, and insisted that the film end with Ilse staying with her husband. The Hays Office also objected to Captain Renault's use of the ScarpiaUltimatum, only allowing it after it was toned down so that it's only implied.
36	* Christian faith and Christian clergy could never be depicted in a mocking manner.
37	** This rule almost got the WesternAnimation/CensoredEleven short ''Clean Pastures'' banned in the time it was released, as it showed a burlesque of religion with black people depicted as angels going to Heaven (not to mention glorifying gambling and jazz in the same mention as Heaven, both of which were considered taboo back then).
38	** This rule also led to characters who had previously been depicted as [[SinisterMinister less than exemplary]] [[NunTooHoly members of the clergy]] getting [[AdaptationalJobChange new careers]] in secular fields. Four notable examples:
39	*** Frollo in the 1939 adaptation of ''[[Film/TheHunchbackOfNotreDame1939 The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'', who was [[DecompositeCharacter split]] between an archdeacon with his positive traits and a judge with his negative ones (predating the [[WesternAnimation/TheHunchbackOfNotreDameDisney Disney version]] by several decades).
40	*** Mr. Collins in the 1940 ''Film/PrideAndPrejudice'', who became a librarian.
41	*** Cardinal Richelieu became Prime Minister Richelieu when played by Creator/VincentPrice in ''Film/TheThreeMusketeers1948'' (to be fair, he actually did hold the position of First Minister in UsefulNotes/LouisXIII's court).
42	*** Creator/RobertMitchum's now-iconic SinisterMinister in ''Film/TheNightOfTheHunter'' got a lot of flack from the censors and the producers only managed to get away with it by suggesting that he was not ordained, technically making him a mere [[TheFundamentalist religious fanatic]].
43	* Drug use, including alcohol consumption, could not be shown unless the plot called for it.
44	** Under the first version of the Code, drug use was allowed only if the story was [[DrugsAreBad a cautionary tale against drug abuse]], or if the druggie got what they deserved for doing it in the first place (this was why ''Film/ReeferMadness'' managed to be released, even if the message that drugs are bad was artificial and tacked-on). Illegal narcotics were strictly prohibited, no matter what the circumstances.
45	* All detailed (that is, [[DontTryThisAtHome imitable]]) depiction of crime had to be removed. This included lockpicking, safe-cracking, or the mixing of chemicals to make explosives.
46	* Films could not use {{revenge}} as a theme or premise in stories set during modern times, since it could be seen as glorifying violence (specifically murder).
47	** The Code made exceptions for historical settings--particularly where there was no law to punish the offender--so [[TheWestern Westerns]] became the only movies allowed to have revenge as a theme or premise.
48	* Topics considered [[SexualDevianceIsEvil "perverse"]] could not be discussed or depicted in any way. Such topics included--but were not limited to--homosexuality, miscegenation (interracial relationships), bestiality, and venereal diseases.
49	** Studios used the explicitly racist ban on depicting miscegenation to justify the exclusion of non-white actors from employment: they reasoned that the Code would be breached if ''either actor or character'' was of a differing race. Creator/AnnaMayWong, the leading Chinese-American actress of the time, was rejected as the female lead in ''Literature/TheGoodEarth'' because the male lead was white actor Paul Muni. In fact, Anna May Wong only made one film in which she got to kiss her white co-star (''Film/JavaHead'', which was made in the UK). Ironically, this was done despite the fact that the Code actually advocated for the [[FairForItsDay "inherent dignity of foreign peoples"]] and insisted that their cultures not be undeservedly slurred – of course, this didn't really help American non-whites (especially not [[YellowPeril the Japanese]] during UsefulNotes/WorldWarII).
50	** The bestiality ban was part of the reason for changes to ''WesternAnimation/RedHotRidingHood's'' original ending, which showed the Wolf forced into marriage by [[DirtyOldWoman the Grandma]], then years later taking his half-human, half-lupine children to the nightclub to see Red perform. (The original ending, much like the "erection takes", existed on a DirectorsCut that was sent to overseas soldiers.)
51	** The decision to [[DeathByAdaptation kill off]] half-Native American Pearl in ''Film/DuelInTheSun'' was based on this rule. In the book, Pearl lives and marries the good brother, Jesse.
52	** ''Film/ImitationOfLife1934'' struggled to get approved because it featured a biracial character who tried to pass for white, and was played [[Creator/FrediWashington by an actual mixed-race actress]]. It was ultimately approved after two weeks of shooting - although a scene in which a black man nearly gets lynched for flirting with a white woman was ordered cut from the script.
53	** ''Film/FromHereToEternity'' cut all references to homosexuality (the soldiers fraternise with male prostitutes in the book) and Karen's infertility from gonorrhea (which is now caused by a bad miscarriage). Hilariously, the brothel is turned into a gentleman's club with the whores being called "hostesses" - but the characters still act like they are.
54	** ''Film/TeaAndSympathy'' deals with a character being MistakenForGay, but the film eliminates a gay teacher who is fired for being seen sunbathing with Tom on the beach (which starts the whole thing off). Tom instead just gets mocked for being found sewing.
55	** ''These Three'', the 1936 adaptation of lesbian-themed play ''Theatre/TheChildrensHour'', changes the central conflict to an accusation of heterosexual infidelity, rather than a lesbian relationship.
56	* The sanctity of marriage had to be upheld.
57	** The Code is often credited as creating the Comedy of Remarriage genre, as an act of infidelity wouldn't actually count as infidelity if the leads were [[DivorceIsTemporary (temporarily) divorced]], but that genre [[OlderThanTheyThink already existed pre-Code]], so the credit is unwarranted.
58	** ''Film/TeaAndSympathy'' again, where the censors insisted on a FramingDevice being tacked on - where a letter from Laura preaches about how her affair with Tom was wrong and she was a scarlet woman.
59	* Blasphemy--including using the name of {{God}} as an expletive or exclamation--was not allowed. Using the word "God" was allowed, but only if used in a reverent tone or meaning. In addition, profanity of any kind was prohibited.
60	** These rules led to supposedly tough-and-gritty protagonists using mixtures of UnusualEuphemism and GoshDangItToHeck. Any word stronger than "damn" was completely disallowed, and any usage of profanity was likely to result in a hefty fine. Rhett Butler's famous line in ''Film/GoneWithTheWind'' was considered a ''big'' deal back then, because of this rule; the production did face a fine, but [[ScrewTheRulesIHaveMoney more than made up for it at the box office]].
61	** During the dying years of the Code, the famous line in ''Film/PlanetOfTheApes1968'', "God damn you all to Hell!" was presented to the censors as not being blasphemous, because Taylor was literally calling on God to damn humanity to {{Hell}} for what they had done (destroying themselves in nuclear warfare). It managed to get by, though as mentioned, the Code was already too weak by then to do anything about it.
62	* The United States flag was to be treated with utmost respect. [[{{Hypocrite}} Other flags, not so much.]]
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64	Any films that compiled with the Code, the Hays Office would give the film their seal of approval and allowed to present to theaters. If not, they would not be shown and they had to pay a hefty fine of $25,000. An interesting footnote in all of this is that there was a heavy [[ChristianityIsCatholic Catholic]] influence in the Code, especially when it came to portrayals of clergy and the belief that movies shouldn't "lower the moral standards" of audiences. Breen was a prominent but strict Catholic moralist layman from Pennsylvania, and the initial text of the Production Code was co-authored by a priest and a layman. This meant that the Code reflected a very specific moral perspective that maybe didn't reflect what the majority of Americans thought (though it wasn't intended to do that in the first place). An oft-repeated joke is that the Code amounted to Catholics censoring movies made by the Jewish for Protestant audiences.
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66	The rules could be slightly skirted in film adaptations; for example, they managed to keep the famous line "Frankly my dear, I don't give a damn" in ''Film/GoneWithTheWind'' because the (mild) swearing was in the original novel. This was especially true for faithful adaptations of Creator/WilliamShakespeare's plays, which were likely considered too artistically significant to censor (''Theatre/{{Hamlet}}'', for instance, was filmed over a dozen times despite its main theme of revenge being something normally prohibited by the Office).
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68	Since the Code did not apply to the stage, aspiring screenwriters could (and did) write plays about subjects too sexy or politically controversial for Hollywood. In New York (at least), stage censorship--though not unheard of--was far less of a threat than it had been in the 1920s (when Creator/MaeWest was jailed and the Wales Padlock Act was passed), and comedies quite freely made fun of the movie censors. [[http://kirk.is/2009/09/06/ One particular pin-up image]] was created specifically to see if someone could break every single Code provision in a single still.
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70	Additioanlly, Christian organizations like the Catholic Legion of Decency and the Protestant Film Office (another Christian group involved in shaping content) apparently made a pretty big difference, offering a buffer between Hollywood and the culture at large.
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72	But even in the period of the worst censorship, several films and directors managed to subvert it. The Creator/PrestonSturges comedy ''Film/TheMiracleOfMorgansCreek'' is a case in point; the film stars Betty Hutton as a good-time girl who gets impregnated by a GI Soldier [[RefugeInAudacity and gives birth to six children]]. Creator/MartinScorsese, in his documentary on American movies of the same period, noted that some filmmakers used cinematic means and subtlety to suggest complex themes (and even subvert censorship mandates). This always involved the usage of subtext, MeaningfulBackgroundEvent, and StylisticSuck in the HappyEnding, which often made such endings very unconvincing to audiences and helped them sense [[DownerEnding the subtext]] lying just underneath. Scorsese cites films like ''Film/JohnnyGuitar'', which was a major TakeThat to the WitchHunt and the RedScare, and directors like Creator/SamuelFuller and Creator/DouglasSirk, who kept pushing the boundaries of content. Fuller's ''Film/TheSteelHelmet'', made in 1950, was the first film that addressed the internment of Japanese-Americans in the Second World War, and he continued to make anti-racist films throughout that decade. His FilmNoir, ''Film/PickupOnSouthStreet'', provoked the ire of J. Edgar Hoover himself -- but Fuller had the friendship of 20th Century-Fox boss Darryl F. Zanuck, who backed him through all this. Douglas Sirk's ''Film/{{Imitation Of Life\|1959}}'', made in 1959, was the most successful Universal film until ''Airport'', and it portrayed the reality of race relations in pre-Civil Rights era with a stark eye. Creator/EliaKazan, on the other hand, pushed the boundaries of sexuality with films like ''Film/BabyDoll'', ''Film/AFaceInTheCrowd'', and ''Film/SplendorInTheGrass''.
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74	The mere fact that censorship had to be so rigorously enforced in the first place stands as a testament to how (and how often) directors and screenwriters tried to resist it. Even a classic like ''Film/RebelWithoutACause'' featured a barely-concealed gay character who was treated sympathetically. (BuryYourGays is enforced, but it's clearly treated as a tragedy.) Genre films tended to fall BeneathSuspicion, so directors of comedies, FilmNoir, TheWestern, and Sci-Fi films often had a freer hand than directors who made OscarBait films, the EpicMovie, or TheMusical. The BMovie side of things wasn't taken seriously by MoralGuardians; as a result, films like ''The Big Combo'', ''Detour'', ''Film/TouchOfEvil'', ''Murder by Contract,'' and ''The Crimson Kimono'' had more progressive and interesting content than the A-movies they played with on a double bill.
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76	In 1945, Hays retired as president of the MPAA and Eric Johnston was elected to replace him, keeping it until his death from a stroke in 1963. During his time as MPAA president, Johnston quietly "liberalized" the Code and reduced restrictions. It is believed that Johnston started to consider replacing the Code with a ratings system, in theory based on the age-appropriateness of the film. However, Johnston didn't follow through on this and mainly left censorship to the Hays Office, only stepping in and making decisions when it was the last resort.
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78	In 1948, the Supreme Court neutered the MPAA's ability to enforce the Code over all films shown in the US. The "Paramount Decision" (read more about that in MediaNotes/FallOfTheStudioSystem), among many other things including the rise of television, ended the ability of the "Big 5" (MGM, Paramount, 20th Century Fox, Warner Brothers, and RKO; as well as Universal, Columbia, and United Artists to an extent) to own the entirety of movie production, distribution, and exhibition. The major studios sold their theater chains, which meant they pretty much lost all say in what could be shown in those theaters. This opened a flood door to independent filmmakers who released films that don't apply by the Code. However, the new theater owners were no more eager to incur the wrath of the Hays Office than the Big Five had been, though. In 1953, Breen retired as head of the Hays Office and was replaced by Geoffrey Shurlock, who was far more lenient than Breen was and allowed more things to slip under the radar of the Censorship Board.
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80	But the Supreme Court itself began to undercut the purpose of the Code (to prevent federal government censorship of the film industry) starting in 1952. The Italian film ''The Miracle'' by Roberto Rossellini featured controversial use of religious imagery; its American release provoked a severe outcry. Film distributor Joseph Burstyn sued to have the short film's license reinstated in New York, and the Supreme Court did just that in what is now known as the "Miracle Decision", which helped give film First Amendment protections as an artistic medium, thus further reducing the Code's authority in Hollywood. In the late 1950s and the 1960s, a wave of films from Europe (particularly British films like ''Film/{{Alfie}}'', the films of Creator/AlfredHitchcock, the ''Film/JamesBond'' movies, the output of [[Film/HammerHorror Hammer Film Productions]], and the [[Music/TheBeatles Beatles]] films ''Film/AHardDaysNight'' and ''Film/{{Help}}'', The MediaNotes/FrenchNewWave from masters such as Creator/FrancoisTruffaut, and Italian films such as ''Film/BicycleThieves'' and the Spaghetti Westerns of Creator/SergioLeone), none of which were subject to the Code, tackled gritty topics that American studios couldn't touch because of the Code. American theaters could show these films without the prior approval of either the MPAA or the Hays Office thanks to the Paramount Decision. While Johnston and Shurlock didn't really care, their subordinates tried to demand the censorship of those films. However, their efforts backfired resulting in the Code ending up looking even more ridiculous and more like a suggestion than the standard. Around this time, domestic filmmakers, such as Sirk, Creator/BillyWilder, Creator/OttoPreminger, Creator/JohnCassavetes, and Creator/StanleyKubrick, mounted serious challenges to the Code in the late 1950's. ''The Pawnbroker'' featured an artistically-essential topless scene and ''Theatre/WhosAfraidOfVirginiaWoolf'' featured equally-essential harsh language. Against the considerable critical acclaim of these films and overwhelming public sentiment, the Hays Office tried to bend--those films were considered "special exceptions"--but this opened the door for every daring filmmaker of the day to ask for similar consideration. This change of criteria also encouraged executives of the major film companies to stop cooperating with the Code in the late 50's and into the 60's when it became clear that the public's opinion of the Code had changed. It was one thing for the Code's censors to have objections about specific content that fell into agreed-upon criteria, but it was a whole other thing for those censors to act as ''de facto'' film critics who could arbitrarily determine which films were of good enough quality to make them "exceptions". Around the late 50s as well, the Catholic Church, who had been the main reason it was created, pulled back from its enforcement of the Code in its parishes because of this and started using an unofficial ratings system. Then in 1965, the Supreme Court essentially ended the MPAA's ability to even attempt censorship (much less banning) over any film with the ''Freedman v Maryland'' decision. The Hays Office saw the writing on the wall and began to close down.
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82	In 1966, as a final act of direct defiance against the Hays Office, MGM released the British-produced film ''Film/{{Blowup}}'', which failed to gain their seal of approval prior due to its relatively explicit erotic content. But because of the Paramount Decision and Freedman v Maryland, nothing could stop MGM from distributing the critically-hailed film, which became a smash hit. Soon after, the Hays Office, alongside the Protestant Film Office, finally closed its doors because of both Freedman v Maryland as well as the fact that their denominational funding was pulled and the Christian groups connected to the effort reportedly didn’t care to continue it. Also in 1966, Jack Valenti, who previously served as an aid to President Lyndon B. Johnson, was elected as head of the MPAA with President Johnson's approval and the urging of Universal Studios chief Lew Wasserman, with the promise to move from the Code to a ratings system, so that filmmakers could tell their stories the way that they wanted without fear of censorship while also informing parents of the content within said films. The MPAA Film Rating System was finally enacted in 1968, and though it has altered slightly over the years, it is still in use to this day. The fall of the Hays Code rid Hollywood of the last relic of [[MediaNotes/TheGoldenAgeOfHollywood Golden Age]] and marked the beginning of the "New Hollywood" era of the late '60s and [[TheSeventies the '70s]]. Unfortunately, the transition from the Code to the rating system (1965-1968) proved awkward with several ugly incidents occurring such as kids watching ''Film/NightOfTheLivingDead1968'' (the first modern adult horror film), thinking it was a harmless zombie film, and [[https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-night-of-the-living-dead-1968 a review]] by film critic Creator/RogerEbert's is as much about how the kids were becoming genuinely traumatized seeing a high-intensity story definitely not made for them.
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84	In the years since its creation, the MPAA rating system has itself been criticized by many people--most notably Ebert and the filmmakers behind ''Film/ThisFilmIsNotYetRated''--for doling higher ratings based on depictions of sex, gay people, or other controversial topics (and obscenity, to a certain extent) than depictions of violence. Other complaints note the lack of transparency about exactly ''why'' certain films get the ratings they do (for example, several films listed with "nothing offensive" as the whole MPAA content description have received PG ratings). Additionally, {{MediaNotes/Movieguide}} founder and media critic Dr. Ted Baehr calls the MPAA rating system "vulnerable", "flawed", and "corrupt", claiming it misrates films and is "rigged" in favor of the big studios and filmmakers.
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86	Creator/StephenColbert's book ''Literature/IAmAmericaAndSoCanYou'' contains a parody "excerpt" from the Code, including rules such as "Characters may not walk and chew gum at the same time," "If [[SomethingElseAlsoRises a train is shown entering a tunnel]], the tunnel shall not be portrayed as enjoying it," "Characters may not discuss the high suicide rate among dentists in a manner that implies they have it coming," and "For Christ's sake, somebody put a bra on Creator/JeanHarlow". The excerpt also [[NumberOfTheBeast deliberately omits rule #666]], and also [[LOL69 #669]] for good measure.
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88	Another example of mocking the Hays Code goes all the way back to 1942. In "A Tale of Two Kitties", a classic WesternAnimation/LooneyTunes cartoon directed by Bob Clampett, the cats [[Creator/AbbottAndCostello Babitt and Catstello]] plot to devour the ever-prepared Tweety Bird. At one point, Catstello is on a ladder to Tweety's nest and struggling with his fear of heights, while from the ground, Babitt starts pushing his buttons by yelling, "Give me the Bird! Give me the Bird!"--to which Catstello turns to the audience to say, "If the Hays Office would only let me, I'd [[FlippingTheBird give 'im the boid, all right]]". The really fun thing here is that animated shorts like this showed many different examples of breaking the Code--excessive violence (though usually [[BloodlessCarnage completely bloodless]], of course) and (what was then) harsh language--simply because they were animated in ways that took everything to a level of pure parody. Rules were subverted, but in as overt a way as possible. (A non-animation example of this sort of Hays Code subversion would be Film/TheThreeStooges shorts, which were able to be [[Film/YouNaztySpy the first]] [[AdolfHitlarious to satirize]] UsefulNotes/AdolfHitler in Hollywood.)
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90	The full text of the code can be found [[http://www.artsreformation.com/a001/hays-code.html here]]. The Broadway musical ''A Day in Hollywood/A Night In The Ukraine'' takes the text of Production Code and [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQqtmIrfUT8 has the cast dance to it]].
91
92	Critic Michael Medved, one of the very few film critics who support MoralGuardians in many cases and who is more recently a right-wing Talk Radio host, makes the argument in at least partial support of the Code: "While many of the specific rules in the old Production Code look thoroughly ludicrous by today’s standards, it is instructive to recall that Creator/AlfredHitchcock and Creator/HowardHawks, Creator/JohnFord and Creator/BillyWilder, Creator/GeorgeCukor and Creator/FrankCapra and Creator/OrsonWelles all somehow managed to create their masterpieces under its auspices." He was rebuked with the counter-argument that films by these directors were made in spite of the Code, and ExecutiveMeddling is responsible for flaws in even the greatest films of this time, especially in the case of Welles. Additionally, Baehr has voiced his support for the Code and, using Movieguide and its sister site The Christian Film and Television Comission, has attempted several petitions for Hollywood to abandon the rating system and institute a "standards based Entertainment Code of Moral Decency" with a slightly updated version of the Code called "The Motion Picture and Television Production Code of Conduct and Moral Decency" or at the very least to re-rate certain films (such as re-rating ''Film/DjangoUnchained'' and ''Film/Watchmen2009'' from R to NC-17). Medved and Baehr also argue that after the demise of the Code, motion picture attendance ''fell''--from ~44 million per week in 1965 (when the Code finally stopped being used) to ~19 million per week in 1969--and that attendance has never reached the levels of the post-TV, pre-ratings age since in absolute numbers (since 2000, for example, attendance in the US & Canada has fluctuated between 25–28 million tickets sold per week) with Baehr additionally claiming that profanity, sex, violence, nudity, and drug use will result in lower box office results for films that have them compared to films that don't have them. Others note that this has little to do with the Code in any real sense. Hollywood had been paranoid about the drop in movie attendance since the loss of their distribution arm, and throughout TheFifties they countered television with a bunch of gimmicky movie exhibitions, and then expensive roadshow releases which in TheSixties became unprofitable thanks to the failures of ''Film/{{Cleopatra}}'' and ''Film/HelloDolly''. There are additional factors that have nothing to do with the importance of censorship.[[note]]The explosive growth in broadcast television, cable, and home video of all kinds since 1977 has helped keep attendance down, but broadcast television was responsible for the previous disastrous drop, from ~90 million tickets sold per week to ~45 million between 1948–53, and attendance had leveled off for the previous decade. Also, the second half of the 1960s saw color broadcasting achieving critical mass. Neither cable nor home video would enter American homes until the late '70s. Historians who try to blame video for ''causing'' the drop off between 1966–69 have a difficult case to make.[[/note]] It's also pointed out that, although the attendance of motion pictures did drop significantly, the movie industry still survived and even prospered. Indeed, the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films 50 highest grossing movies of all time]] were all made years after the collapse of the Code.
93
94	The biggest point missing is that the Hays Code was never erected to increase movie attendance and box office results; it was erected out of fear of local organizations interrupting or halting distribution in a number of states and out of fear of national censorship. These external tensions happened because of the movie business's great popularity and expansion. The fact that other popular media such as television, video games and comic books have their own censorship systems, and that TV especially in the TheNewTens has broken boundaries in nudity and violence and still maintained its mass viewership, proves that moral censorship has little or no relation to viewership as opposed to technology and accessibility.
95
96	Compare this with MediaNotes/TheComicsCode, which enforced similar restrictions on the ComicBook medium.
97

Context MediaNotes / TheHaysCode