dragging themselves through the negro streets at dawn looking for an angry fix,
angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night"
The Beat Generation was a group of writers best known for their work in The '50s. At the core of the Beats was a group of three writers: Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs, best known for On the Road, Howl (1955) and Naked Lunch, respectively. The name "The Beat Generation" was originally coined by Kerouac, who enjoyed the many possible meanings of "beat," both positive and negative, including beat-down, upbeat, beatific and "on-the-beat," in the musical sense. The history of the relationships between the three friends and their periphery is long and complex and is better read elsewhere than summarized here. (To give you an idea, it involves large amounts of alcohol, speed, opiates and psychedelic drugs, unrequited same-sex love, the cover-up of a manslaughter, an insanity plea and subsequent mental hospital stay, and a wife killed in a deliberate-but-drunken attempt at William Telling. And these are all separate events.)
The works produced by the Beat Generation had an enormous effect on Western culture. Beyond their effect in literature (which was not small, inspiring the creation of entire genres, from slam poetry to cyberpunk), they also had a major influence on the rock music of the early 60s (Ginsberg was friends with Bob Dylan and Steely Dan is of course named after a venerable lineage of strapon dildos in Naked Lunch, to give just a couple of examples). There's a good chance there would be no such thing as hippies without the Beats. Notably, Jack Kerouac did not transition well into The '60s, as his drug of choice was alcohol rather than psychedelics and he was politically somewhat conservative. Allen Ginsberg, on the other hand, became something of a psychedelic guru to the hippie community. Burroughs was a mentor to a significantly younger generation, collaborating with Alternative Rock musicians such as Sonic Youth, R.E.M., and Kurt Cobain, while Ginsberg makes a vocal appearance on The Clash's album Combat Rock.
The works of the Beat Generation vary wildly in their style, but they do tend to have some unifying features. They challenged the Moral Guardians of the time (both Howl and Naked Lunch were the subject of nationally-publicized obscenity trials) and their characters tended to be downtrodden youth trying new things (much like the writers themselves). One of the Beats' most defining features, however, was their willingness to experiment with their writing. Kerouac, influenced by improvisational jazz, called his style "spontaneous prose," where he would write without editing, often on scrolls rather than sheets so that he wouldn't be distracted by page breaks. Ginsberg's poetry combined explosive, rambling free verse with forms of the past, heavily influenced by Walt Whitman, William Blake, and William Carlos Williams. William Burroughs, perhaps the craziest of them all, popularized the "cut-up technique," a dadaist style of composition wherein a piece of writing is literally cut-up and reassembled into a new work (not unlike a collage in literary form).
Progenitors to the Beatnik, although the writers themselves were not really beatniks. Not to be confused with beets, Beats or The Beatles (although the Fab Four were certainly influenced by the Beat writers and the idiosyncratic spelling of their name is partially a reference to the movement).
Primary Beat Writers:
- Amiri Baraka
- William S. Burroughs (Naked Lunch, Junky, The Nova Trilogy, The Red Night Trilogy)
- Lucien Carr
- Neal Cassady (Dean Moriarty in On the Road is based on him.)
- Gregory Corso (Gasoline)
- Lawrence Ferlinghetti (A Coney Island of the Mind, Starting from San Francisco)
- Allen Ginsberg (Howl (1955), America, Kaddish)
- John Clellon Holmes (Go)
- Herbert Huncke (Guilty of Everything)
- Jack Kerouac (On the Road, Desolation Angels, The Dharma Bums, The Subterraneans)
- Gary Snyder (Turtle Island)
- Philip Whalen (Self Portrait From Another Direction)
Creators related to or influenced by the Beats:
- Kathy Acker (Blood and Guts in High School)
- David Bowie: Burroughs' cut-up technique was an influence on his lyricism, and at least two songs he wrote quote Howl (1955).
- Richard Brautigan (Trout Fishing in America, The Pill Versus the Springhill Mine Disaster)
- Charles Bukowski (Ham On Rye, Post Office, Factotum)
- Kurt Cobain
- Leonard Cohen
- Aaron Cometbus (Crimpshrine, Pinhead Gunpowder, Cometbus)
- Diane di Prima
- The Doors
- Bob Dylan (his first novel Tarantula in particular has much Beat influence)
- Richard Fariña (Been Down So Long it Looks Like Up to Me)
- The Fugs
- The Fugs First Album (1965)
- The Fugs Second Album (1966)
- Tuli Kupferberg
- The Grateful Dead
- Alan Kaufman (The Outlaw Bible of American Poetry, Jew Boy: A Memoir)
- Bob Kaufman ("Abomunist Manifesto")
- Ken Kesey (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Sometimes a Great Notion)
- King Crimson: Beat is a Concept Album about the Beat Generation, and the lyrics were directly inspired by their writings.
- David Lerner
- D.A. Levy
- Jack Micheline
- Henry Miller (Tropic of Cancer - precursor to and influence on the Beats)
- Mark Sandman, singer and Lead Bassist for the lifetime of Morphine (as in, the day he died, so did the band)—-and he didn't even make it to 9 Sept., 1999 ("I hope I'm sitting on my back porch, drinking red wine... [eating] French fries with pepper")
- Thomas Pynchon
- Tom Robbins
- Gil Scott-Heron
- Hubert Selby Jr
- Patti Smith
- Horses (1975)
- Hunter S. Thompson (Hell's Angels, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas)
- Tom Waits
- Anne Waldman
- Robert Anton Wilson (especially Illuminatus!, which uses Burroughs' cut-up method)
- Tom Wolfe (The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, The Bonfire of the Vanities)
See also
- Pull My Daisy: A 1959 short film written by Kerouac, adapted from his play Beat Generation, starring Kerouac, Ginsberg, and Corso as themselves.
